Geography
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#$RegionType types
of region
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$RegionType is
a subcollection of #$SpatialThing-Localized each of whose
instances is an identifiable subregion of some object, but
not itself an independent object. Instances of #$RegionType
include #$PalmOfHand, #$Doorway,
#$Wall-GenericBarrier, #$WorkSurface, and #$Handle.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct generalization of:
#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
#$GeographicalRegion geographical regions
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$GeographicalThing. Each
instance of #$GeographicalRegion
is a spatial region that includes some piece of the surface
of a planet (usually #$PlanetEarth). Each instance of #$GeographicalRegion
is a #$PartiallyTangible
entity that may be represented on a map of the planet. This
includes purely topographical regions like mountains and
underwater spaces, places defined by demographics (e.g.,
language areas) and territory otherwise demarcated (e.g.
#$TimeZones). In dualist geopolitical contexts [see
#$DualistGeopoliticalMt], instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity
are also considered to be instances of #$GeographicalRegion.
In all cases the region in question must contain some
tangible component with which it is possible to make
physical contact. The instances of #$GeographicalRegion
contrast in this respect with the instances of
#$GeographicalThing-Intangible, which are wholly intangible.
Examples of #$GeographicalRegion
include #$RockyMountainStates-USRegion, the
#$ContinentOfAustralia, #$SinaiPeninsula, and -- in dualist
geopolitical contexts -- #$YaleUniversity and
#$CityOfPittsburghPA. Some important types of regions are
represented by the sub-collections #$LanguageArea,
#$TimeZone, #$PostalCodeRegion, #$EcologicalRegion,
#$ConstructionSite, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts
-- #$GeopoliticalEntity.
No instances of #$GeographicalRegion
are wholly indoor locations.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Surface-Open #$Surface-Physical #$GeographicalThing #$Place
direct generalization of:
#$OutdoorLocation
#$GeographicalAgent #$River #$IndependentCountry
#$GeoculturalRegion #$InternationalWaters #$EcologicalRegion
#$Continent #$TopographicalFeature
#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType region
types whose instances are non-overlapping region types
A collection of collections, and a specialization
of #$RegionType.
Each instance of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
is a collection of geographical regions, where each of the
regions in the collection is spatially disjoint with the
other regions in the collection. For example, the collection
#$State-UnitedStates
is an instance of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType,
since the territories of U.S. states do not overlap. Other
instances of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
include #$CanadianProvince,
#$IndependentCountry,
#$City, and
#$Colony. A non-example is #$EcologicalRegion,
since ecological regions can overlap.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$RegionType
#$UrbanArea urban areas
A subcollection of #$HumanResidenceArea.
Each instance of #$UrbanArea is a
geographical region the whole of which (more or less) is
characterized by typically urban features (such as streets,
buildings, businesses, houses, schools, sidewalks, sewer
systems, power lines, automobiles, pedestrians, and so on).
An urban area might be as small as an inner-city street
corner or as large as the New York City Metropolitan Area.
By default, urbanness is a stuff-like property of human
residence areas: (nearly) every subregion of an #$UrbanArea is
itself an #$UrbanArea.
Examples include #$UTAustinCampus, #$WestlakeHills,
#$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfToulouseFrance,
#$CityOfMurmanskRussia, #$CityOfTaipeiTaiwan, and #$ResearchTrianglePark.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$HumanResidenceArea
direct generalization of:
#$USCity #$City #$Street-Generic
#$HumanResidenceArea residences
A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion.
Each instance of #$HumanResidenceArea
is a region in which a number of people live
semi-permanently (that is, for a duration of at least a year
or more). Examples include #$SanFranciscoBayArea,
#$ResearchTrianglePark, research stations at the
#$SouthPole, and radar posts in the Aleutians.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$OutdoorLocation #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject
direct generalization of:
#$UrbanArea
#$EcologicalRegion ecological regions
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of geographical regions. Each instance
of #$EcologicalRegion
is a region having one or more characteristic ecosystems.
From knowledge of those ecosystems, we can posit whether
certain organisms can forage, reproduce, and live
successfully there. Information about ecological regions
typically also includes what kinds of organisms are in fact
found there. In theory, any arbitrary continuous region
could be analyzed as an ecological region, but most regions
identified in practice have some kind of sameness or
systematic interconnection in their topology, climate, and
biology. Examples: the #$WesternDesertOfEgypt, the
#$GreatBarrierReef, the #$Amazon-Region.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$GeographicalRegion
direct generalization of:
#$Stream
#$permanentlyNorthOf permanently
north of
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$permanentlyNorthOf
NORTH SOUTH) means that the #$GeographicalThing NORTH is
situated to the north of the #$GeographicalThing SOUTH, when
viewed in a planetary frame of reference, typically the
terrestrial frame of reference. To compare the position of
two objects, at least one of which is mobile or is an
instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized but not of
#$GeographicalThing, use the more general, #$northOf. Note
that SOUTH is therefore south of NORTH; thus, no distinct
predicate is needed to represent `south of'. Example: (#$permanentlyNorthOf
#$CityOfPhiladelphiaPA #$CityOfWashingtonDC);
(#$permanentlyNorthOf
#$35thParallel-North #$37thParallel-North). See also #$permanentlyEastOf
and #$directionBetweenObjects.
To say '(permanentlySouthOf x y)' all we need is to say (#$permanentlyNorthOf
y x). See also #$fartherNorthThan.
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direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of: #$northOf
#$permanentlyEastOf permanently
east of
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$permanentlyEastOf
EASTREGION WESTREGION) means that the #$GeographicalRegion
EASTREGION is to the east of the #$GeographicalRegion
WESTREGION, when viewed in the terrestrial frame of
reference. Note that WESTREGION is therefore west of
EASTREGION; thus, no distinct predicate is needed to
represent `west of'. Example: (#$permanentlyEastOf
#$EasternUSATimeZone #$CentralUSATimeZone). See also #$permanentlyNorthOf
and #$directionBetweenObjects.
To express '(permanentlyWestOf x y)' all we need is to say
(#$permanentlyEastOf
y x). In order to relate two instances of
#$SpatialThing-Localized that are mobile or do not fit the
argument restrictions of #$permanentlyEastOf,
use the more general predicate, #$eastOf.
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direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of: #$eastOf
#$permanentlyNortheastOf permanently
northeast of
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$northeastOf REGION-1 REGION-2) means that the #$GeographicalRegion
REGION-1 is to the north-east of the #$GeographicalRegion
REGION-2, when viewed in the terrestrial frame of reference.
Note that REGION-2 is therefore southwest of REGION-1; thus,
no distinct predicate is needed to represent `southwest of'.
Example: (#$northeastOf #$LakeOntario #$LakeErie). To refer
to instances of #$SpatialThing-Localized that can move, use
the more general #$northeastOf.
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direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$permanentlyNorthwestOf permanently
northwest of
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$permanentlyNorthwestOf
REGION-1 REGION-2) means that the #$GeographicalRegion
REGION-1 is to the northwest of the #$GeographicalRegion
REGION-2, when viewed in the terrestrial frame of reference.
Note that REGION-2 is therefore southeast of REGION-1; thus,
no distinct predicate is needed to represent `southeast of'.
Example: (#$northwestOf #$GreatBritain-TheIsland StraitOfDover).
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direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$bordersOn borders on
(#$bordersOn
REGION1 REGION2) means that the #$GeographicalRegions
REGION1 and REGION2 are physically adjacent to each other
and do not overlap, i.e. there is a border between them.
Examples: (#$bordersOn
#$CentralUSATimeZone #$MountainUSATimeZone), (#$bordersOn
(#$TerritoryFn #$Nepal) (#$TerritoryFn #$Tibet).
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direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate
#$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of: #$onSamePlanetSurfaceAs #$adjacentTo
#$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic
#$Planet planets
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$HeavenlyBody. Each instance
of #$Planet is a
planet either in Earth's solar system or elsewhere in the
universe. Instances of #$Planet include
#$PlanetEarth, #$PlanetJupiter, and #$PlanetVenus.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Spheroid
#$AstronomicalBody heavenly bodies
A specialization of #$AstronomicalObject
(q.v.). Each instance of #$AstronomicalBody
is an astronomical object that is an individual body, as
opposed to a group or system of such bodies. Specializations
include #$Planet
and #$Star. Note that this collection includes only natural
bodies; artificially-made objects such as spaceships and
communications satellites are excluded.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$AstronomicalObject
direct generalization of:
#$Planet
#$CelestialBody
#$AstronomicalObject astronomical objects
A specialization of #$InanimateThing-Natural.
The collection of all things of the types studied by
astronomers. Each instance of #$AstronomicalObject
is a (usually quite large) natural, inanimate object that is
located in the physical universe and is not on the surface
of the Earth. (But note that #$PlanetEarth itself _is_ an
instance of this collection.) An #$AstronomicalObject
might be either an individual heavenly body (see #$AstronomicalBody)
or a group or system made up of such bodies (see e.g.
#$Galaxy and #$PlanetarySystem). See also the specialization
#$CelestialObject, instances of which are visible from the Earth.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$InanimateObject-Natural
direct generalization of: #$CelestialObject
#$LandBody landmasses
A collection of geographical regions. Each instance
of #$LandBody
is a cohesive chunk of land surrounded by one or more
bordering bodies of water. Types of #$LandBody
include the specializations #$Island and
#$TrueContinent. Instances include #$ContinentOfAustralia,
#$Trinidad-Island, and #$Crete-Island-Greece. Areas of land
defined by human occupation or political boundaries, for
example, #$NorthernCalifornia or #$NorthernIreland, are
instances of #$GeographicalRegion,
but not of #$LandBody.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$LandTopographicalFeature
direct generalization of: #$TrueContinent #$Island
#$TopographicalFeature topographical features
A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion.
Each instance of #$TopographicalFeature
is a three-dimensional feature of a planet's surface,
typically with boundaries defined by formations of rock,
dirt, water, etc., or by significant changes in elevation.
Some important specializations of #$TopographicalFeature
include #$Mountain, #$MountainRange,
#$Peninsula, #$Harbor,
#$Shoreline, and #$Arroyo. Note that collections of regions
defined by the presence of human artifacts (e.g.
#$CitySkyline) or ecological characteristics (e.g. #$Forest)
are _not_ specializations of #$TopographicalFeature.
Instances of #$TopographicalFeature
include #$KyushuIsland-Japan, #$SaintThomas-Island,
#$LakeErie, #$VictoriaFalls, and #$MalayPeninsula.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Place-NonAgent #$OutdoorLocation
direct generalization of:
#$River #$LandTopographicalFeature
#$BodyOfWater
#$LandTopographicalFeature land
topographical features
A collection of geographical regions and a
specialization of #$TopographicalFeature.
Each instance of #$LandTopographicalFeature
is a region of land distinguishable from surrounding regions
by salient physical differences in surface texture,
three-dimensional shape, or elevation. The collection
includes features that are covered by snow or bodies of
water. Specializations of #$LandTopographicalFeature
include #$Mountain,
#$Crater, and #$Continent.
Instances include the #$ArabianPeninsula, #$MountZion, the
#$SanAndreasFault, the #$GreatSmokyMountains, and the #$JavaTrench.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TopographicalFeature
direct generalization of:
#$Mountain
#$Plain-Topographical #$MountainRange
#$LandBody
#$IslandOrIslandGroup
#$Continent
#$OutdoorLocation outdoor locations
A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion.
Each instance of #$OutdoorLocation
is a region of outdoor space; i.e. a region that is directly
subject to atmospheric weather. Thus, the collection #$OutdoorLocation
does _not_ include as instances any instances of
#$UnderwaterLocation (q.v.) or any places that are
underground (see #$Underground). Specializations of #$OutdoorLocation
include #$MountainRange,
#$Stream,
and #$Highway.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$GeographicalRegion
direct generalization of:
#$FixedTerrainGeologicalRegion #$Sunny #$Gusty #$Foggy #$Cloudy #$CompletelyCloudCovered
#$PartiallyCloudCovered
#$Cloudless
#$Dock
#$OutdoorRecreationArea #$HumanResidenceArea
#$GroundsOfOrganization
#$TopographicalFeature
#$Mountain mountains
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature.
Each instance of #$Mountain is a
topographical region on the planet Earth of significantly
higher elevation than its surrounding area. Mountains may
occur individually or as part of a chain (see #$MountainRange).
Instances of #$Mountain
include #$MountWhitney, #$DiamondHead-Mountain,
#$MountKosciusko, #$AyersRock, and #$MountOlympus.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$LandTopographicalFeature
#$MountainRange mountain ranges
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature.
Each instance of #$MountainRange
is a natural group of mountains. Instances of #$MountainRange
include the #$RockyMountains, #$Andes-Mountains, and #$Alps-Mountains.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$LandTopographicalFeature
#$Cliff cliffs
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of topographical features. Each
element of #$Cliff is a very
steep, vertical or overhanging face on a mass of rock,
earth, or ice.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$LandTopographicalFeature
#$Volcano volcanos
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of topographical features. Each
element of #$Volcano is a
mountain created by the outflow of lava. Elements of #$Volcano may or
may not be active volcanoes. Examples: #$Vesuvius-Volcano,
#$MountFuji-Volcano, #$Popocatepetl-Volcano,
#$Krakatoa-Volcano, #$MaunaKea-Volcano, #$MountSaintHelens-Volcano.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Mountain
#$Archipelago archipelagos
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of topographical features. Each
element of #$Archipelago
is a group of islands that form a geographical cluster.
Examples: #$Ionia, #$InnerHebrides-Archipelago,
#$SocietyIslands-FrenchPolynesia, #$ChannelIslands.
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direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$IslandOrIslandGroup
#$IslandOrIslandGroup islands
or island group
A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature.
Each instance of #$IslandOrIslandGroup
is either an island, a group of islands (such as an #$Archipelago),
or an area that includes part but not all of an island (see
#$IslandSubregion). Instances of #$IslandOrIslandGroup
include groups of scattered islands that do not form a
natural geographical area; the chief reason for including
such groups is that they are geopolitical areas and/or were
historically significant. Instances include
#$FrenchPolynesia, #$Cyclades, #$OuterHebrides-Archipelago,
and #$Grenadines-Islands.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$LandTopographicalFeature
direct generalization of:
#$Island
#$Island islands
A specialization of both #$LandBody and #$IslandOrIslandGroup.
Each instance of #$Island is a body
of land surrounded by water. #$Islands are
typically much smaller in area than (instances of the
similarly-defined collection of) #$TrueContinents (q.v.),
though it would be rather arbitrary to try to distinguish
these types on the basis of size alone. (And note that
#$ContinentOfAustralia, e.g., is both an #$IslandOrIslandGroup
(q.v.) and a #$TrueContinent.) For groups of #$Islands that form
a geographical cluster, see #$Archipelago.
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direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$LandBody #$IslandOrIslandGroup
#$Continent continents
A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature.
The instances of #$Continent on
the #$PlanetEarth are the six traditional main land masses
on the surface of the earth (plus the two #$geographicalSubRegions
of Eurasia, Europe and Asia). The current instances are: #$ContinentOfAfrica,
#$ContinentOfAntarctica, #$ContinentOfAsia,
#$ContinentOfAustralia, #$ContinentOfEurasia, #$ContinentOfEurope,
#$ContinentOfNorthAmerica,
#$ContinentOfSouthAmerica.
Former instances of this collection include Pangaea and the
two continents it broke up into, Gondwanaland and Laurasia
(all of which are instances of #$TrueContinent (q.v.)).
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$LandTopographicalFeature
direct generalization of: #$TrueContinent
#$terrainAttributes-Coll terrain
attributes - coll
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$terrainAttributes is used to
describe the type of terrain in a particular geographical
region. (#$terrainAttributes REGION ATTRIB) means that #$GeographicalRegion
REGION has the #$TerrainAttribute ATTRIB. For example, the
#$Matterhorn-Mount has #$terrainAttributes, #$RuggedTerrain.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$isa
#$TerrainAttribute-Coll terrain
attribute - coll
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each
instance of #$TerrainAttribute is an attribute of the
terrain in some geographic region or regions. Notable
instances include #$Prairie, #$TropicalRainForest, and #$Tundra.
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direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$Collection
#$riverEndTopography river
end topography
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$riverEndTopography
is used to indicate the type of topographical feature found
at the end of a particular river. (#$riverEndTopography
RIVER TOPO-TYPE) means that the instance RIVER of #$River has at its
ending point a topographic feature of the type TOPO-TYPE.
Examples: the #$riverEndTopography
of both the #$SaintLawrenceRiver and #$SeineRiver is an
instance of #$Estuary; the #$NigerRiver, #$MekongRiver, and
#$GangesRiver all have instances of #$Delta as their #$riverEndTopography;
the #$AlleghenyRiver ends in another instance of #$River (viz., the #$OhioRiver.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
#$BodyOfWater bodies
of water
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of topographical features. Each
instance of #$BodyOfWater
is a natural or artificial body of water. Instances may
belong to specializations as #$Lake, #$Stream, and #$Ocean. #$BodyOfWater
includes #$Reservoirs, #$Canals, and
navigation channels that are developed and/or enlarged by
humans. However, it does not include smaller
purely-artificial bodies of water such as #$SwimmingPools or
tanks of water. #$Glaciers and snowpacks are not included,
but lakes and ponds that are sometimes liquid are included,
even if they have an ice crust or are solidly frozen.
Examples of #$BodyOfWater
include #$HudsonBay, #$PanamaCanal, #$AdriaticSea,
#$BayOfBengal, and #$NiagaraFalls.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Water #$TopAndBottomSidedObject #$TopographicalFeature
direct generalization of:
#$River #$FreshWaterLake
#$BodyOfWater-Large #$Lake #$Stream #$Canal
#$InternationalWaters #$Harbor
#$River rivers (fresh
water) (ecological regions) (bodies of water)
A specialization of #$Stream. Each
instance of #$River is a natural
stream of water, normally of a large volume. Instances of #$River include the
#$ColoradoRiverOfArizona, the #$AmazonRiver, the
#$YangtzeRiver, and the #$ThamesRiver.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Stream
#$Stream streams (fresh
water) (ecological regions) (bodies of water)
A specialization of #$Water-Fresh, #$InanimateThing-Natural,
and #$FlowPath. Each instance of #$Stream is a
natural body of fresh water that flows when it is not
frozen. A stream can either be a great river (see #$River) or a tiny
creek (see #$Creek). Every non-frozen stream flows in (see
#$in-ContOpen)
some conduit (see #$FluidConduit) such as a streambed or
riverbed. Notable instances of #$Stream incluide
#$AmazonRiver, #$LittleMissouriRiver, #$WoundedKnee-Creek.
Note that riverbanks are not streams nor are they parts of
streams, but rather they mark the edges of streams.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Water-Fresh #$InanimateThing-Natural #$BodyOfWater #$FlowPath #$EcologicalRegion
direct generalization of:
#$River
#$Sea seas
A specialization of both #$BodyOfWater-Large and
#$SeaWater. Each instance of #$Sea is a body of
salt water as large as (or larger than) a lake. Instances of
#$Sea include
#$PacificOcean,
#$IonianSea, #$EastChinaSea, and #$BlackSea.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$InanimateThing-Natural #$BodyOfWater-Large #$SeaWater
direct generalization of:
#$Ocean
#$Ocean oceans
A specialization of #$Sea. Each instance
of #$Ocean is one
of the oceans of the world. This includes #$TheOceanSea, the
interconnected expanse of salt water covering 71% of the
Earth's surface, and of which the other oceans are
subregions. Examples: #$AtlanticOcean,
#$ArcticOcean, #$IndianOcean,
#$PacificOcean.
guid: bd58e4b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Sea
#$Lake lakes
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$BodyOfWater.
Each instance of #$Lake is a
land-locked body of water, typically but not necessarily of
freshwater. Two important specializations are #$FreshWaterLake
(instances of which are fresh-water lakes) and #$InlandSea
(instances of which are salt-water lakes). Examples include
#$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika,
#$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe, #$CaspianSea, and #$DeadSea.
guid: bd58b822-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$BodyOfWater
direct generalization of:
#$FreshWaterLake
#$FreshWaterLake fresh-water lakes
A specialization of #$BodyOfWater.
Each instance of #$FreshWaterLake
is a freshwater land-locked body of water. Examples include
#$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika,
#$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, and #$LakeTahoe. Note that
inland saltwater lakes, commonly referred to as `seas',
belong to the collection #$InlandSea (q.v.), rather than to
#$FreshWaterLake.
guid: c10e5cfd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Water-Fresh #$Lake
#$Gulf gulfs
A specialization of #$BodyOfWater-Large. Each
instance of #$Gulf
is a part of a sea extending into a land mass. Instances of
#$Gulf include
the #$SaronicGulf, #$GulfOfMexico, #$GulfOfArkangelsk,
#$GulfOfCalifornia, and #$PersianGulf.
guid: bd590006-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$SeaWater #$BodyOfWater-Large
#$Canal canals
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all canals, artificial waterways
created to be paths for boats, or for irrigation (e.g., the #$PanamaCanal).
guid: bd58f371-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$BodyOfWater #$FlowPath
#$tributaries tributary
(predicate relating existing things) (spatial
relation) (asymmetric binary predicate)
A #$SpatialPredicate
that is used to indicate the tributaries of a given river.
(#$tributaries
RIVER TRIBUTARY) means that RIVER has TRIBUTARY as one of
its tributaries. That is, TRIBUTARY is a #$Stream (q.v.)
that flows into RIVER. For example, the #$MississippiRiver
has the #$WisconsinRiver, #$OhioRiver, #$ArkansasRiver,
#$RedRiverOfTexas, and others as tributaries. In cases where
TRIBUTARY is itself a #$River, consider
whether the more specialized predicate
#$fedByConfluenceOfRivers (q.v.) is applicable.
guid: bd588db4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate
direct specialization of: #$spatiallyRelated
Geopolitical Entities
#$SystemOfGovernment-Coll forms
of government (mathematical concepts)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$AttributeValue.
Each instance of #$SystemOfGovernment is a type of
government that a country might have. Instances of
#$SystemOfGovernment include #$DemocraticGovernment,
#$Monarchy, #$SocialistGovernment, and #$MilitaryGovernment.
See also the predicate #$governmentType.
guid: 5881c796-74b2-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$Collection
#$GeopoliticalEntity political entities
A specialization of #$Organization
and of #$LegalAgent and of
#$GeographicalAgent; instances of this collection control #$GeographicalRegions.
Each instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity
includes a governing body, but is more than just that
governing body. Important subcollections include #$Country, #$IndependentCountry,
#$State-Geopolitical,
#$City, and
#$Province. Instances include #$CityOfTokyoJapan,
#$BronxNY-Borough, #$Alaska-State, #$Rwanda, #$Singapore,
#$InnerMongolia, #$Somerset-CountyEngland, and #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina.
A central feature of this collection is that
geopolitical-entities (indeed, all #$GeographicalAgents) are
viewed in two significantly different ways with respect to
two different types of geography-related microtheories. In a
physical geography microtheory (i.e. #$PhysicalGeographyMt
and its submicrotheories), geopolitical-entities are clearly
distinguished from the regions they control. (#$TerritoryFn
GEO-POL) is used in these contexts to denote the land mass
(a #$GeopoliticalRegion) of a given geopolitical-entity
GEO-POL. In a dualist geography microtheory (i.e.
#$DualistGeopoliticalMt and its submicrotheories), on the
other hand, geopolitical-entities are viewed as being _both_
agents _and_ land masses (i.e. #$GeographicalRegions).
Thus, there is little need for #$TerritoryFn in the latter
sort of context. (Despite their somewhat paradoxical flavor,
dualist microtheories arguably allow Cyc to mimic
commonsense reasoning about geopolitical entities and
regions more closely than do the stricter physicalist
microtheories.) There are also some generic geography
microtheories (e.g. #$WorldGeographyMt and
#$UnitedStatesGeographyMt) which are neutral with respect to
the physical and dualist views. Also see the shared-note for
this constant.
guid: bd58e5da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganizationByEntityType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$LegalAgent #$GeographicalAgent #$Organization
direct generalization of:
#$ControlledLand
#$CountrySubsidiary
#$City #$County #$Emirate-Geopolitical
#$Country
#$State-Geopolitical states
A specialization of #$CountrySubsidiary.
Each instance of #$State-Geopolitical
is a geopolitical entity whose government is at the very
next administrative level down from the national level. In
different countries, instances of #$State-Geopolitical
may be called `regions', `states', `provinces',
`prefectures', `departments', `parishes', or something else.
In the U.S.A., instances are called `states'. See also #$Province.
guid: bd58e7a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalEntityByHierarchy
direct specialization of:
#$CountrySubsidiary
direct generalization of:
#$State-UnitedStates
#$Emirate-Geopolitical emirates
(political entities) (geographical regions) (organizations)
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$Emirate-Geopolitical
is a specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity.
Each instance of #$Emirate-Geopolitical
is a geopolitical entity, or territories, each of which is
ordinarily ruled by an #$Amir-HeadOfState or an Emir (Amir)
who is not necessariy a #$HeadOfState
of an #$IndependentCountry,
but rules a subsidiary region. See especially the #$UnitedArabEmirates.
guid: be5c29ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
direct specialization of:
#$GeopoliticalEntity
#$CountrySubsidiary country subsidiaries
A specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity.
Each instance of #$CountrySubsidiary
is a political region that is a direct subsidiary of some
country. This collection includes states, provinces,
territories, and some special districts such as Washington, D.C.
guid: c0c0184c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$GeopoliticalEntity
direct generalization of:
#$State-Geopolitical
#$Territory territories
#$Territory is a
specialization of #$ControlledLand.
Each instance of #$Territory is a
geopolitical region which is distinct from, but dependent on
and controlled by, another geopolitical entity. Instances of
#$Territory
include #$PuertoRico, #$BritishAntarcticTerritory, and #$RyukyuIslandsTerritory.
guid: bd58a1dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$ControlledLand
#$IndependentCountry is
the atomic form of (#$SubcollectionWithAttributeFn #$Country
#$Independent)(#$SubcollectionWithAttributeFn #$Country #$Independent)
A collection of geopolitical entities and a
specialization of #$Country. Each
instance of #$IndependentCountry
is a distinct, independent geopolitical entity generally
recognized by the international community. An independent
country typically has a relatively stable government,
enforced borders, its own currency, laws, and culture.
Examples include #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica,
#$Germany,
#$Liberia, #$Mongolia, #$India, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina,
and #$Honduras.
guid: bd58e4e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
#$GeographicalEntityByHierarchy
direct specialization of:
#$Country
#$ControlledLand controlled territories
A specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity.
Each instance of #$ControlledLand
is a geopolitical entity that is at least partially
controlled by some other instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity.
Furthermore, the instance of #$ControlledLand
is not a geopolitical sub-division (see the predicate
#$geopoliticalSubdivisions) of the power that controls it.
Instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity
include #$PuertoRico, #$Bermuda, #$Guadeloupe-TheDependency, #$Tibet.
guid: bd58a21e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$GeopoliticalEntity
direct generalization of:
#$Territory
Politics And Government
#$GovernmentFn government fn
An instance of both #$IndividualDenotingFunction
and #$ReifiableFunction.
Given an instance GEOPOL of #$GeopoliticalEntity
as its single argument, #$GovernmentFn
returns the instance of #$RegionalGovernment
(q.v.) that governs GEOPOL. For instance, (#$GovernmentFn
#$Belgium)
is the government of Belgium.
guid: c10aef3d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MacroRelation #$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$capitalCity capital
city (antitransitive binary predicate) (part
predicate) (predicate relating existing things)
The predicate #$capitalCity
is used to relate a geopolitical entity to its capital. (#$capitalCity
GEO CITY) means that CITY is the capital city of the #$GeopoliticalEntity
GEO. Examples: the #$capitalCity
of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica
is the #$CityOfWashingtonDC;
the #$capitalCity
of #$AmericanSamoa is #$CityOfPagoPagoSamoa. Note: to relate
an instance of #$State-Geopolitical
to its capital, use the more specialized predicate #$capitalCityOfThisState.
guid: bd590b5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot #$PartPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$geopoliticalSubdivision
#$CapitalCityOfRegion capitals
(cities) (political entities) (urban areas)
A specialization of #$City. Each
instance of #$CapitalCityOfRegion
is a city that is the capital of its surrounding region.
This includes capitals of countries as well as capitals of
subregions of countries, such as states, provinces, and
counties. Examples include #$CityOfRomeItaly,
#$CityOfCardiffWales, #$CityOfAustinTX,
#$CityOfAbidjanIvoryCoast, #$CityOfLhasaTibet, and
#$CityOfColumbusOH. See also #$capitalCity
and #$capitalCityOfThisState.
guid: bd58f295-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
direct specialization of:
#$City
direct generalization of:
#$StateCapital
#$HeadOfGovernment heads
of government
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg,
and a specialization of #$Politician.
Each instance of #$HeadOfGovernment
is a person who holds a political position as the head of
the government of some instance of #$Country. See
the #$sharedNotes
#$GovernmentLeaderNote
for an explanation of the distinction between #$HeadOfGovernment
and #$HeadOfState (q.v.).
guid: bd590143-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg
#$PersonTypeByOccupation
direct specialization of:
#$Politician #$Leader
direct generalization of:
#$UnitedStatesPresident
#$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment
#$HeadOfState heads
of state
A collection of persons. Each instance of #$HeadOfState
is a person who holds a political position as the titular
leader of some instance of #$Country.
Titles that such a person might hold include President,
Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent.
Examples of #$HeadOfState:
#$BillClinton, #$QueenElizabethII, Yasser Arafat, Hirohito,
Jiang Zemin. See also the related constants
#$titleOfPosition and #$HeadOfGovernment.
guid: bd58e773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg
#$PersonTypeByOccupation
direct specialization of:
#$Politician #$Leader
direct generalization of:
#$UnitedStatesPresident
#$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState
#$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment prime
ministers (heads of government) (public officials)
(public sector employees)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$HeadOfGovernment.
Each instance of #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment
is a person who holds the political office of Prime Minister
in some instance of #$Country.
guid: bd590186-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg
#$PersonTypeByOccupation
direct specialization of:
#$Minister-Governmental #$HeadOfGovernment
#$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national presidents
A collection of persons. Each instance of #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState
is a person who holds the title of president of some #$Country,
whether that title belongs to a position which is #$HeadOfState
or #$HeadOfGovernment
(or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, #$BillClinton, Jiang
Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui.
guid: bd58e49e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg
#$PersonTypeByOccupation
direct specialization of:
#$PresidentOfOrganization #$PersonWithOccupation #$HeadOfState
direct generalization of:
#$UnitedStatesPresident
#$GovernmentLeaderNote government
leader note
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The distinction between #$HeadOfGovernment
and #$HeadOfState
is a subtle one. #$HeadOfGovernment
is the collection of #$Leaders who
actually run the government. #$HeadOfState
is the collection of #$Leaders who
are mainly ceremonial figures, fulfilling diplomatic roles
such as hosting foreign dignitaries. For a given #$Country,
these two roles may be filled by the same person, such as
#$BillClinton for the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica
in 1996, or by two separate individuals; for example, in
1996 the #$HeadOfState
for #$GreatBritain-TheIsland would be #$QueenElizabethII,
while the #$HeadOfGovernment
would be John Major (#$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment).
Cyc constant names indicate which government role is
associated with a particular title; e.g.,
#$Sultan-HeadOfGovernment vs. #$Sultan-HeadOfState.
guid: bd59a14c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SharedNote #$Individual
#$Politician politicos
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$PersonTypeByActivity.
Each instance of #$Politician is
a person who is involved in politics. Specializations of #$Politician
include #$HeadOfState,
#$ElectoralCandidate, and #$HeadOfPoliticalParty.
guid: bd58e7b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByActivity
direct specialization of:
#$HumanAdult
direct generalization of:
#$HeadOfGovernment
#$HeadOfState
#$politicalPartyMembers political
party members (cotemporal predicate) (extensional
representation predicate) (binary predicate)
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$politicalPartyMembers
PARTY PERSON) means that PERSON is a registered member of
PARTY. For example, (#$politicalPartyMembers
#$DemocraticParty #$BillClinton) holds.
guid: bd58d50c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$hasMembers
#$PoliticalDispute political dispute
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The class of all political disputes, including
serious political controversies and skirmishes between
individuals, organizations or countries. Such a dispute
involves some question of public policy, as opposed to
purely personal or commercial issiues.
guid: bd58e019-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PoliticalEvent #$DisputeEvent
Some Important Regions
#$AtlanticOcean the
Atlantic Ocean
The main body of salt water primarily in the
#$WesternHemisphere-Region, bordering on five #$Continents (or
three #$TrueContinents -- the Western coasts of Europe and
Africa, Antarctica, and the Eastern coasts of North and
South America).
guid: bd5901d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Ocean #$Entity #$Individual
#$PacificOcean the
Pacific Ocean
An instance of #$Ocean. #$PacificOcean
is the main body of salt water in the
#$EasternHemisphere-Region, and it borders on five instances
of #$Continent (the
western coast of #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica
and #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica,
#$ContinentOfAustralia, #$ContinentOfAntarctica, and the
eastern coast of #$ContinentOfAsia).
guid: bd58e0bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Ocean #$Entity #$Individual
#$IndianOcean the
Indian Ocean
An instance of #$Ocean. The #$IndianOcean
is an ocean in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region lying south
of the #$ContinentOfAsia,
east of the #$ContinentOfAfrica,
and west of the #$ContinentOfAustralia.
guid: bd5887df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Ocean #$Entity #$Individual
#$MediterraneanSea the
Mediterranean Sea
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A strategically important small sea between
southern Europe, western Asia (the Levant), and northern Africa.
guid: bd58ecea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Sea #$Entity #$Individual
#$ContinentOfNorthAmerica North America
An instance of #$Continent. The
#$ContinentOfNorthAmerica
lies in the #$WesternHemisphere-Region. It is bounded on the
west by the #$PacificOcean,
on the east by the #$AtlanticOcean,
and on the south by the #$CaribbeanSea, and on the north by
the #$ArcticOcean. North America includes #$CentralAmerica
as well as the #$WestIndies-Archipelago as #$geographicalSubRegions.
guid: bd58f882-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Continent
#$Entity #$Individual
#$ContinentOfSouthAmerica South America
An instance of #$Continent. #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica
is a continent in the #$WesternHemisphere-Region. It is
bounded on the west by the #$PacificOcean,
on the east by the #$AtlanticOcean,
and on the north by the #$CaribbeanSea. It borders on
#$CentralAmerica to its northwest, and its southernmost
point is #$TierraDelFuego-TerritoryArgentina.
guid: bd59004b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Entity #$Continent #$Individual
#$ContinentOfAsia Asia
An instance of #$Continent.
Most of the #$ContinentOfAsia
lies in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. #$ContinentOfAsia
is bordered on the east by the #$PacificOcean
(although some groups of islands in the Pacific -- for
example, the chain of islands that make up #$Japan -- are also
part of #$ContinentOfAsia),
on the west by the #$ContinentOfEurope,
and on the north by the #$ArcticOcean. The southern boundary
of #$ContinentOfAsia
includes the #$ArabianPeninsula.
guid: bd58ea12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Continent
#$Entity #$Individual
#$ContinentOfEurope Europe
An instance of #$Continent. #$ContinentOfEurope
is the sixth largest continent. It is separated from the #$ContinentOfAsia
to the east by the #$UralMountains.
guid: bd58dd74-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Continent
#$Entity #$Individual
#$ContinentOfAfrica Africa
An instance of #$Continent. The
#$ContinentOfAfrica
is the second largest continent, located north and south of
the #$Equator in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. Africa is
connected to Asia by the narrow Isthmus of Suez; it includes
#$Madagascar and other offshore islands.
guid: bd58ed27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Entity #$Continent #$Individual
Some Countries
#$Australia Australia
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Australia, the country that occupies the
#$ContinentOfAustralia (and also #$TasmaniaIslandAustralia)
dividing the eastern #$IndianOcean
from the southwestern #$PacificOcean.
In the #$DualistGeopoliticalMt, this constant includes both
physical and political aspects of Australia.
guid: bd5894b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Entity
#$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry
#$Individual
#$Brazil Brazil
(country) (political entity) (geographical region)
An instance of #$IndependentCountry.
#$Brazil is
the largest country in South America, and is bounded on the
northwest by #$Colombia; on the north by #$Venezuela,
#$Guyana, #$Suriname, and #$FrenchGuiana; on the east by the
#$AtlanticOcean;
on the south by #$Uruguay; on the southwest by #$Argentina
and #$Paraguay; and on the west by #$Bolivia and #$Peru.
guid: bd588f01-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IndependentCountry
#$Entity #$Individual
#$Egypt Egypt
Egypt is an #$IndependentCountry
in the northeast part of the #$ContinentOfAfrica;
Egypt is east of #$Libya, north of the #$Sudan, south of the
eastern #$MediterraneanSea,
and west of the #$RedSea.
guid: bd589383-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Entity #$IndependentCountry
#$Individual
#$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland the
United Kingdom
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, (the United Kingdom, or UK), an independent country
off the northwest coast of Europe consisting of #$England,
#$Scotland, #$Wales, and #$NorthernIreland, and possessing
all British colonies and other possessions. It technically
excludes the #$IsleOfMan-Island and the #$ChannelIslands,
which are realms of the British monarch.
guid: bd589184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Entity
#$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry
#$Individual
#$Germany Germany
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Germany, a medium-sized #$IndependentCountry
in the north of the #$ContinentOfEurope.
Germany throughout time, both political and (in a dualist
microtheory) physical aspects.
guid: bd58f83c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry
#$Entity #$Individual
#$Switzerland Switzerland
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The nation of Switzerland as it has existed
throughout time; includes both its physical and its
political aspects.
guid: bd58d09b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IndependentCountry
#$Entity
#$IndustrializedCountry #$Individual
#$Belgium Belgium
An instance of #$IndependentCountry.
#$Belgium
is a small country in northwestern Europe, bounded on the
northwest by the #$NorthSea, on the north by the
#$Netherlands, on the east by #$Germany, on the
southeast by #$Luxembourg, and on the west by #$France.
guid: bd58df47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Entity
#$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry
#$Individual
#$France France
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The nation of France as it has existed throughout
time; both political and physical aspects. Unlike other
nations, France directly includes some overseas possessions.
guid: bd58fa10-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry
#$Entity #$Individual
#$Russia Russia
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Russia, the world's largest, sometimes independent
#$Country,
occupying most of the North, Center, and East of the #$ContinentOfAsia.
This constant includes Russia throughout time, both
political and (in dualist microtheories) physical aspects.
guid: bd5893c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IndependentCountry
#$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$Individual
#$Portugal Portugal
An instance of #$IndependentCountry.
#$Portugal
is a small country located on the #$IberianPeninsula,
bounded on the east and north by #$Spain and on the west by
the #$AtlanticOcean.
guid: bd590a03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$IndependentCountry
#$Individual
#$Indonesia-TheNation Indonesia
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The country of Indonesia, which occupies 13500
islands. Includes both political and, in a dualist
microtheory, physical aspects.
guid: bd58b2d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Entity
#$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry
#$Individual
#$India India (country)
(political entity)
An instance of #$IndependentCountry.
#$India is a
country in southern Asia whose territory constitutes most of
the #$IndianSubcontinent (q.v.). #$India is bounded
on the north by #$Bhutan, #$Tibet, and #$China-PeoplesRepublic,
on the northwest by #$Pakistan, on the east by #$Burma, on
the southeast by the #$BayOfBengal, and on the southwest by
the #$ArabianSea.
guid: bd58fb5c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Entity #$IndependentCountry
#$Individual
#$Bangladesh Bangladesh
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Country near the eastern end of the Indian
subcontinent, separated from #$Nepal by a narrow corridor of
#$India, and
sharing part of its border with #$Burma. Considered a part
of India's territory during the period of British colonial rule.
guid: bd590173-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IndependentCountry
#$Entity #$Individual
#$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina Taiwan
(country) (political entity)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Taiwan, governed as The Republic of China, is a
country which claims to be the government of all of China.
#$China-PeoplesRepublic
also makes this claim. The government of #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina
#$controls Taiwan Province on the #$Island of
#$Formosa (or 'Taiwan') off the southeast coast of China in
the far western #$PacificOcean,
#$QuemoyIsland and #$MatsuIsland of Fujian Province a few
kilometers off the coast, and Pratas Island in the
#$SouthChinaSea. It claims several disputed islands in the
#$SouthChinaSea. The territory controlled by #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina
is between the #$EastChinaSea and the #$SouthChinaSea. De
facto, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina
and #$China-PeoplesRepublic
are two separate independent countries each with its own
territory, while de jure there is a single #$IndependentCountry
of China, but two governments with separate regions of control.
guid: bd58a0bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IndependentCountry
#$Entity #$Individual
#$China-PeoplesRepublic China
(industrialized country)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
China, governed as the Peoples' Republic of China
(PRC), is a country which claims to be the government of all
of China. #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina
(ROC) also makes this claim. #$China-PeoplesRepublic
#$controls all of China except Taiwan Province on the #$Island of Formosa
[#$Formosa-Island] (or 'Taiwan') and #$QuemoyIsland and
#$MatsuIsland of Fujian Province a few kilometers off the
coast. These territories are controlled by #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina.
#$Tibet is an #$AutonomousRegion which is a
#$geopoliticalSubdivision of the PRC against its will. China
borders on the #$EastChinaSea and the #$SouthChinaSea. De
facto, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina
and #$China-PeoplesRepublic
are two separate independent countries each with their own
territory, while de jure there is a single #$IndependentCountry
of China, but two governments with separate regions of control.
guid: bd58a341-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry
#$Entity #$Individual
#$Japan Japan
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Japan (the Empire of Japan), a medium-sized #$IndependentCountry
consisting of four islands off the east coast of the #$ContinentOfAsia,
with several island possessions. This includes Japan as it
has been throughout history, geographically and politically.
guid: bd5902a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$IndependentCountry
#$Individual
United States
#$UnitedStatesOfAmerica the
United States
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The United States of America, a large independent
country constisting of the territory, population, and
infrastructure of the United States, considered as a whole,
i.e., an instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity.
The nation is mostly in the #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica
south and west of #$Canada and north of #$Mexico. It was
founded in 1776 by emigrants from Europe.
guid: bd58a42a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IndependentCountry
#$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$Individual
#$USFederalGovernmentOrganization US
federal government organizations
A collection of government organizations. An
instance of #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization
is an instance of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization
which is part of the #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. This
collection includes the US military, Federal courts, US
Congress, US territorial governments, Federal departments
and independent agencies, and the city of Washington DC. It
does _not_ include US states, interstate compacts, and
cities (other than Washington DC).
guid: c1005ad7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$LegalGovernmentOrganization
#$State-UnitedStates U.S. states
#$State-UnitedStates
is a specialization of #$State-Geopolitical.
Each instance of #$State-UnitedStates
is one of the states of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica;
i.e., #$Alabama-State, #$Alaska-State, #$Arizona-State,
#$Arkansas-State, etc.
guid: bd588a98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
direct specialization of:
#$State-Geopolitical
#$StateCapital state capitals
A specialization of #$CapitalCityOfRegion.
An instance of #$CapitalCityOfRegion
is an instance of #$StateCapital
just in case it is the capital city of some instance of #$State-Geopolitical
(q.v.). Instances of #$StateCapital
include the capital cities of instances of #$State-UnitedStates,
as well as the capital cities of instances of other
specializations of #$State-Geopolitical,
such as #$Prefecture and #$Province.
guid: bd58b7be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
direct specialization of:
#$CapitalCityOfRegion
#$USCity is the atomic form of
(#$CityInCountryFn
#$UnitedStatesOfAmerica)(#$CityInCountryFn #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica)
A specialization of #$City each
instance of which is a city, town, or village in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica.
Instances of #$USCity include
#$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfGainesvilleFL, and #$CityOfLongBeachCA.
guid: bd5884c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
direct specialization of:
#$City
#$UnitedStatesPresident United
States presidents
A specialization of both #$UnitedStatesPerson
and #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState.
Each instance of #$UnitedStatesPresident
is a person who holds the office of President of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica.
guid: c10052d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByOccupation
#$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg
direct specialization of:
#$HeadOfGovernment #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState #$PublicOfficial
#$UnitedStatesPerson American people
An instance of #$Nationality.
Each instance of #$UnitedStatesPerson
is a person who either was born in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica
or is currently among that country's citizens (see the
predicate #$citizens).
guid: bd58f5ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Nationality
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
#$CityOfWashingtonDC Washington D.C.
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The capital city (#$CapitalCityOfRegion)
of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica,
seat of its Federal government, which is located in the
#$DistrictOfColumbia, a specially created Federal district
between the States of Maryland and Virginia. Currently, the
#$CityOfWashingtonDC
and the #$DistrictOfColumbia are coextensive.
guid: bd590b3c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CountrySubsidiary
#$USCity #$Entity #$CapitalCityOfRegion
#$Individual
#$cityInState city
in state
(#$cityInState
CITY STATE) means that the #$City CITY is
located in the geopolitical sub-region STATE. Note that
STATE may be an instance of #$State-Geopolitical,
or it may be an instance of some other specialization of #$CountrySubsidiary,
such as #$Territory. For
example, the #$CityOfDurhamNC is a #$cityInState
of #$NorthCarolina-State; Xiamen (Amoy) is a #$cityInState
of Fujian. See also #$majorCityInState.
guid: bd58b907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate
Addresses
#$ContactLocationType types
of contact location
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ContactLocationType
is a collection of places at which a particular agent may be
contacted. Instances of #$ContactLocationType
may be characterized in several different ways, including
the following: by method of contact (e.g.,
#$VoicePhoneLocation, #$FaxLocation); by purpose of contact
(e.g., #$BillingLocation,
#$ShippingLocation,
#$EmergencyContact); by the agent's relationship to those
places (e.g., #$HumanResidence,
#$Workplace).
Note that a particular place may be an instance of two or
more instances of #$ContactLocationType,
since, for example, one person's home might be another's
vacation location.
guid: bd58d0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ExistingObjectType
#$Address-LocationDesignator addresses
A specialization of #$ContactInfoString. Each
instance of #$Address-LocationDesignator
is a string that describes the relatively permanent location
of an individual or organization. For example: President
Bill Clinton, White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue,
Washington, DC . Addresses that provide an address suitable
for delivery of mail are instances of the specialization, #$MailingAddress.
guid: bd590a18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$ContactInfoString
direct generalization of: #$MailingAddress
#$addressText address text
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$addressText
relates an instance of #$ContactLocation
to an instance of #$Address-LocationDesignator.
(#$addressText
LOC ADDRESS) means that the #$ContactLocation
LOC has the #$Address-LocationDesignator ADDRESS.
guid: bd58be81-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$FunctionalSlot
#$stateOfAddress state
of address
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$stateOfAddress
LOC STATE) means that the #$ContactLocation
LOC is found in the STATE, where STATE is either a #$State-UnitedStates
or another #$CountrySubsidiary.
For example, as #$CycorpHeadquarters is a #$ContactLocation
for #$Cycorp, then (#$stateOfAddress
#$CycorpHeadquarters #$Texas-State) means that the Cycorp
Headquarters building is located in Texas. Note that the
arg-constraint on the first argument should be an instance
of #$ContactLocation
which serves as a #$pointsOfContact
for an agent and not the agent itself.
guid: bd590075-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot
direct specialization of:
#$objectFoundInLocation
#$countryOfAddress country
of address
(#$countryOfAddress
LOC COUNTRY) means that the #$ContactLocation
LOC is located in the #$Country
COUNTRY. For example, the contact location for #$Cycorp is
related by #$countryOfAddress
to the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica.
See also #$ContactLocation.
guid: bd58e6ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$inRegion
#$cityOfAddress city
of address
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$cityOfAddress
LOC CITY) means that the #$ContactLocation
LOC is found in the #$City CITY. For
example, as #$CycorpHeadquarters is a #$ContactLocation
for #$Cycorp, then (#$cityOfAddress
#$CycorpHeadquarters #$CityOfAustinTX) means that the Cycorp
Headquarters building is located in Austin, Texas. Note that
the arg-constraint on the first argument should be an
instance of #$ContactLocation
which serves as a #$pointsOfContact
for an agent and not the agent itself.
guid: bd59017b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot
direct specialization of: #$notFarFrom
#$onSamePlanetSurfaceAs #$objectFoundInLocation
#$postalCodeOfAddress zip codes
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$postalCodeOfAddress
relates an instance of #$ContactLocation
to an instance of #$PostalCode.
(#$postalCodeOfAddress
LOC PC) means that the location LOC has the #$PostalCode
PC. For example, if LOC had the address: P.O. Box 1677-B,
New York, NY, 10014, PC would be the string `10014'. See
also #$ContactLocation.
guid: bd58dbc1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot
#$PostalCode postal codes
A specialization of #$ContactInfoString. Each
instance of #$PostalCode is
a character string used by a postal service to designate a
particular geographic area. For example, the code used by
the #$USPostalService for central downtown Austin, TX, is
`78701'. Important specializations of #$PostalCode
include #$InternationalPostalCode and #$ZipCode.
guid: c10ada49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IDStringType
direct specialization of: #$ContactInfoString
#$streetAddressText address
(predicate that is functional in its second
argument) (functional predicate) (binary predicate)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$streetAddressText
maps from a particular place to a string representing its
street address. (#$streetAddressText
LOC STREET) means that LOC is found at the number and street
given in the string STREET. See also #$ContactLocation.
guid: bd58acb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$FunctionalSlot
#$StreetAddress street addresses
A specialization of #$ContactInfoString. Each
instance of #$StreetAddress
is a string (an instance of #$CharacterString
(q.v.)) that includes a street number and street name. For
example: `3721 Executive Center Drive', the street address
of #$Cycorp. Each #$ShippingAddress (q.v.) includes a street
address as a substring.
guid: bd58acfd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$ContactInfoString
#$BillingLocation billing locations
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$MailingLocation.
Each instance of #$BillingLocation
is a location to which invoices are sent. For most private
individuals, their billing location is their home address.
guid: be0184e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ContactLocationType
direct specialization of:
#$MailingLocation
#$MailingLocation mailing locations
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$ContactLocation.
Each instance of #$MailingLocation
is a location at which an agent can be contacted by mail.
guid: be01f510-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ContactLocationType
direct specialization of:
#$ContactLocation
direct generalization of:
#$ShippingLocation
#$BillingLocation
#$ShippingLocation shipping locations
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$MailingLocation.
Each instance of #$ShippingLocation
is a location to which merchandise can be physically
delivered, e.g., a house, an office, a corporate mailroom, a
post office box.
guid: c10af5cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ContactLocationType
direct specialization of:
#$MailingLocation #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject
#$ContactLocation contact locations
A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible.
Each instance of #$ContactLocation
is a location at which some particular agent (e.g. a person
or a corporation) may be contacted by any of several means,
for any of several purposes. #$ContactLocations
include any place to which one may direct one or more of the
following: letters, packages, phone calls or voice messages,
bills, email, faxes, pages, subpoenas. Contact locations
must be fairly specific -- e.g. my house or my office, but
not simply my city of residence.
guid: bd58d337-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ContactLocationType
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
direct generalization of:
#$MailingLocation
#$MilitaryBase-Grounds #$PhysicalContactLocation
#$PhysicalContactLocation physical
contact locations
A specialization of #$Place, #$ContactLocation,
and #$HumanShelterConstruction.
Each instance of #$PhysicalContactLocation
is the principal place where an #$Agent can be
physically found. A person's physical contact location would
typically be a home or office. For an organization, it
typically would be the location of its place of business or
its headquarters. Note that a purely procedural method for
getting in touch with someone, such as their Post Office Box
number in a certain city, is not a #$PhysicalContactLocation.
guid: c10ad9b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ContactLocationType
direct specialization of:
#$Place #$HumanShelterConstruction #$ContactLocation
direct generalization of:
#$HumanResidence
#$Workplace
#$pointsOfContact points
of contact
The predicate #$pointsOfContact
indicates the places at which a particular agent can be
reached. (#$pointsOfContact
AGENT LOC) means that the #$Agent AGENT can be
contacted at the #$ContactLocation LOC.
guid: bd5d95b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$phoneNumberText phone
number (binary predicate) (CycL predicate) (relationship)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$phoneNumberText
is used to relate a telephone number to a contact location.
(#$phoneNumberText
LOC NUM) means NUM is a string denoting (one of) the phone
number(s) of the #$ContactLocation LOC.
guid: bd58db7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
#$PhoneNumber phone
numbers (contact information) (structured
information sources) (AIT)
A specialization of #$ContactInfoString. Each
instance of #$PhoneNumber
is a character string that can be used to call a particular #$Telephone.
guid: bd58ecee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IDStringType
direct specialization of: #$ContactInfoString
direct generalization of: #$AccessNumber
#$faxNumberText fax
number text
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$faxNumberText
relates a particular location to the fax number at that
location. (#$faxNumberText
LOC NUM) means that NUM is a string denoting (one of) the
fax number(s) of the #$ContactLocation LOC.
guid: bd5900f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
#$pointOfContactInfo point
of contact information
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$pointOfContactInfo
allows one to characterize a string of information as
belonging to a certain kind of contact location for a
particular agent. (#$pointOfContactInfo
AGENT LOC-TYPE INFO-TYPE STRING) means that the #$Agent AGENT's contact
locations of type LOC-TYPE (an instance of #$ContactLocationType
(q.v.)) have STRING as one of their contact address of
INFO-TYPE (where INFO-TYPE is a #$BinaryPredicate such as #$phoneNumberText,
#$faxNumberText,
or #$addressText).
guid: bd58c4f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate
#$IDString identification strings
A specialization of #$CharacterString.
Each instance of #$IDString is a
character string which is used to denote a specific object
in some identification mapping. Notable specializations of
#$IDString
include #$IPAddress, #$PhoneNumber,
#$ProperNameString,
and #$ContactInfoString.
guid: bd5888ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IDStringType
direct specialization of:
#$CharacterString #$IDObject
direct generalization of:
#$ProperNameString
#$ContactInfoString #$IDNumber #$IPAddress #$MACAddress
#$SerialNumber-String
#$IDStringType types
of ID string
A collection of collections and a specialization of
#$ObjectType.
Each instance of #$IDStringType
is a collection of character strings which is a
specialization of #$IDString
(q.v.). A few notable instances of #$IDStringType
are #$ProductName, #$ProductVersion, #$EMailAddress, #$PhoneNumber,
#$PostalCode.
guid: bd588b45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ObjectType
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