Conceptual
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Update: 12/13/02
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#$InformationBearingThing ibt
A collection of spatially-localized individuals,
including various actions and events as well as physical
objects. Each instance of #$InformationBearingThing
(or IBT ) is an item that contains information (for an agent
who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the
novel _Moby_Dick_; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator
sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a
musical score; copies of the #$CycProgram. For
representations of the propositional content of information
bearing things, see #$PropositionalInformationThing;
but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf.
#$ArtObject).
An important specialization of #$InformationBearingThing
is #$InformationBearingObject,
which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical
objects (i.e. #$PartiallyTangibles).
Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is
important to distinguish the various specializations of #$InformationBearingThing
from those of #$AbstractInformationalThing
(whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated
in particular IBTs; see #$instantiationOfAIT) and from those
of #$ConceptualWork (whose instances are the conceptual or
artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs;
see #$instantiationOfWork). For instance, #$TextString
is a specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing,
#$TextualMaterial
is a specialization of #$InformationBearingThing,
and #$TextualPCW is a specialization of #$ConceptualWork; to
conflate any of these with another would be to make a
category error . Also note that events in which information
is transferred (see #$InformationTransferEvent)
are not considered instances of #$InformationBearingThing.
Rather, such transfer events have as one of their
participants (see #$actors) some instance
of #$InformationBearingThing;
though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will
require distinguishing very finely between the event that
encodes the information and the event that is the
information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based
specializations, #$SoundInformationBearingThing
and #$VisualInformationBearingThing.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InformationStore #$SpatialThing-Localized
direct generalization of:
#$InformationBearingObject
#$HumanAccessibleIBT #$Signal #$VisualInformationBearingThing
#$Inform-CommunicationAct
#$TextualMaterial
#$ComputerFileCopy
#$InformationBearingObject ibo (ibt)
A specialization of both #$InformationBearingThing
and #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject.
Each instance of #$InformationBearingObject
(or IBO ) is a physical object that can be interpreted to
yield information. #$InformationBearingObject
includes: (1) artifacts made solely for the purpose of
conveying information (e.g., a newspaper, or a children's
science video); (2) artifacts that convey information in
addition to their intended function (e.g., Neolithic
pottery); and (3) non-artifacts, such as a person's
fingerprints or cellular DNA, which may be interpreted to
yield information. See the comment on #$InformationBearingThing
on the importance of distinguishing the many specializations
of this collection from the many specializations of both #$AbstractInformationalThing
(information which may be instantiated in particular IBOs --
see #$instantiationOfAIT) and #$ConceptualWork (conceptual
and/or artistic creations which may be instantiated in
particular IBOs -- see #$instantiationOfWork). An important
specialization of this collection (which naturally includes
most of the things asserted so far in the Cyc #$KnowledgeBase
to be instances of #$InformationBearingObject)
is #$HumanAccessibleIBO -- objects which can be interpreted
to yield information by #$Persons. See also
#$containsInformation.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject #$InformationBearingThing
direct generalization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$Database-Physical
#$ComputationalSystem
#$InformationBearingWavePropagation information
bearing wave propagation
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$InformationBearingThing
and #$WavePropagation.
Each instance of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation
is a wave propagation event that carries information for
interpreters who understand its conventions. Notable
specializations of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation
include #$Music, #$VisualImage, and #$Utterance-IBT.
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direct instance of:
#$WavePropagationType
direct specialization of: #$Signal #$WavePropagation
direct generalization of:
#$SoundInformationBearingThing
#$VisualImage #$AnimalSound
#$PropositionalInformationThing pit
(mt) (AIT)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$InformationStore and #$Microtheory.
Each instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing
(or PIT ) is an abstract object -- a chunk of information
consisting of one or more propositions. The propositional
content of a PIT is not essentially encoded in any
particular language, and it may be representable in many
languages. PITs are used to represent the informational
contents of #$InformationBearingThings.
Objects or events which are instances of #$InformationBearingThing
are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody using
the predicate #$containsInformation
(see also the function #$PITOfIBTFn). An
instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing
may be something as simple as the information content of a
command to stop one's vehicle, expressed in a road sign or
in a traffic officer's gesture, or it may be something as
complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of
#$Mathematics, embodied in many and various sources.
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direct instance of:
#$ObjectType #$MicrotheoryType
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$Microtheory
direct generalization of:
#$Agreement
#$Permission #$LegalAgreement #$WorkAgreement
#$Visa-Permit #$AuthorizedAgreement
#$SalesAgreement #$EducationalDegree
#$Account
#$FinancialAccount
#$Proposal #$News #$SensoryInformation
#$Credential
#$TextMicrotheory
#$Stock
#$OrganizationPolicy #$MentalInformation
#$Memory
#$Warranty
#$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType specific
types of information bearing thing
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of collections which is being phased
out. In most cases, instances of #$ConceptualWork should be
used instead. Each instance of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType
is a subcollection of #$InformationBearingThing,
all of whose instances are instantiations of the same
#$ConceptualWork and share a primary media form. Instances
of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType
can be created to refer to any instance of #$ConceptualWork.
For example, the collection of all instances of #$BookCopy
which are instantiations of #$WarAndPeace-TheNovel would be
an instance of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType,
as would the collection of all instance of #$MovieShowing
which are instantiations of #$Jaws-TheMovie (even though
both the novel `War and Peace' and #$Jaws-TheMovie were
issued in slightly different variants). Heterogeneous
collections, however, such as those defined by `copies of
books written by Mark Twain', or by `physical instantiations
of the Jaws story in all its forms', are NOT subcollections
of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType,
although they are subcollections of #$InformationBearingThing.
Example of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType: #$DimeCoin-US.
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direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$IBTContentType #$ObjectType
#$developerOfIBTType developer
of i b t type
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An #$IntangibleObjectPredicate that relates a given
content-specific type of information bearing thing to its
creator(s). (#$developerOfIBTType
IBTTYPE AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people,
corporations, publishers, or other agents responsible for
the invention or bringing into being of the #$IBTContentType
and specialization of #$InformationBearingThing
IBTTYPE -- which might be a book, a computer program, a type
of currency, a flag, etc. For example, (#$developerOfIBTType
#$CycTheCollection #$Lenat) holds. In many cases, IBTTYPE
will be an instance of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType
(q.v.). Note, however, that this predicate has been largely
supplanted by the now much more widely-used #$creatorOfCW (q.v.).
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direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
#$StructuredInformationSource structured
information sources
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$InformationStore and
#$PartiallyIntangibleIndividual. Each instance of #$StructuredInformationSource
is an #$InformationStore in which bits of information are
represented as related in a systematic way that is easily
characterized by some type of formal structure, including
spatial or architectural terms (used metaphorically).
Examples include: a database organized in fields and values;
a spreadsheet organized in rows and columns with entries; an
organizational tree diagram with nodes and branches; a
topographical map; a document written in HTML (hyper-text
markup language). Negative examples include computer
programs, poems, and novels.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InformationStore
direct generalization of:
#$IndexedInformationSource
#$Tuple #$OrganizationalChart
#$Spreadsheet #$Form-StandardizedIBO
#$ScheduleDocument #$ComputerDataStructure
#$Spreadsheet spreadsheets
A specialization of #$HumanAccessibleIBT and #$StructuredInformationSource.
Each instance of #$Spreadsheet is an
information-bearing thing that presents (usually numeric)
data in a two-dimensional matrix of cells that are organized
into rows and columns so that people can view it. A
spreadsheet may be produced by hand with pencil and paper or
generated by a computer #$SpreadsheetProgram (q.v.) such as
#$Lotus123 onto a computer screen or hardcopy device.
Associated with every spreadsheet are mathematical
definitions of some of its cells as a function of other
cells in that spreadsheet. A database [see #$Database-Physical]
that holds the information from which the spreadsheet is
generated is not an instance of #$Spreadsheet.
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direct instance of: #$IBTContentType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$StructuredInformationSource #$HumanAccessibleIBT
#$Map maps (AIT)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$ConceptualWork. Each instance
of #$Map is a conceptual
work that models a region of physical space by using
graphical symbols (or possibly another code), often in
conjunction with a natural language, to represent features
such as the following: geographical areas (#$GeographicalRegion),
topographical features (#$TopographicalFeature),
political regions (#$GeopoliticalEntity),
climate zones (#$ClimateCycleType), human artifacts (#$ConstructionArtifact),
population densities (#$populationDensity). Maps are
generally intended to help an agent to orient itself in
space or to understand some aspect(s) of a large spatial
area. Instances of #$Map
are physically instantiated in map copies (see the
collection #$MapCopy), which may be on paper, in
computerized geographical information systems, or in other forms.
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direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualArtifact-CW
#$OrganizationalChart organizational charts
A collection of #$InformationStores and a
subcollection of #$StructuredInformationSource.
Each instance of #$OrganizationalChart
graphically or in outline fashion depicts information about
the control structure or resource use structure of an
organization. E.g., a diagram of Exxon Corporation's top
managers showing their reporting structure.
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direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$IndexedInformationSource
#$Database-AbstractContent abstract databases
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all databases considered as
abstract repositories of information rather than as physical
storage devices. A database generally has some means of
accessing the data from structured records, frames or
relational structures, using some query language. A
particular #$Database-AbstractContent
may exist in multiple copies, and may be distributed over
several different physical data storage sites: see also #$Database-Physical.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$IndexedInformationSource
direct generalization of:
#$KnowledgeBase
#$Database-Physical databases
A specialization of both #$InformationBearingObject
and #$StructuredKnowledgeSource. Each instance of #$Database-Physical
is an IBO (either hardcopy or electronic) that stores many
pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and
access. Typically, a database involves one or more formatted
data record schemes, together with some functionality for
searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, an
instance of #$Database-Physical
is some particular, tangible copy of a database. To refer to
the abstract content of a database, use #$Database-AbstractContent,
which is a specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing.
For computer programs which deal with databases, see #$DatabaseProgram.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$InformationBearingObject
#$Form-StandardizedIBO legal forms
A specialization of both #$InformationBearingObject
and #$StructuredInformationSource.
Each instance of #$Form-StandardizedIBO
is an information-bearing object having some standard set of
labelled fields; these fields are left blank for the user to
fill in with certain items of information (often information
pertaining to the user). Instances of #$Form-StandardizedIBO
often accompany some sort of bureaucratic procedure, which
they may be used to initiate or to certify. Specializations
include the collections #$LeaseDocument, #$DepositSlip,
#$InsuranceClaimForm, and #$Check-TenderObject.
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direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
direct specialization of:
#$Artifact #$StructuredInformationSource #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$TextualMaterial
direct generalization of:
#$Check-TenderObject
#$SoundInformationBearingThing sound
information bearing things
A specialization of both #$AudibleSound and
#$InformationBearingWavePropagation.
Each instance of #$SoundInformationBearingThing
is an sound which is audible by, and thereby capable of
providing information to, an #$Agent. (This
information need not necessarily be in propositional form.)
This collection does not include #$InformationBearingWavePropagations
that require the use of some sort of electronic device to be
rendered in the form of audible sound; thus #$RadioWave is not a
specialization. Genuine specializations include #$Music and #$AnimalUtterance-IBT.
Note that, despite the use of the word `Thing' in the name
of this constant, it refers to the sound alone, not to the
thing that makes the sound (e.g. if one's CD player is
pumping out music, the #$SoundInformationBearingThing
is the #$Music, not
the player). Thus, no one thing can be an instance of both
#$SoundInformationBearingThing
and #$VisualInformationBearingThing (e.g.).
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$AudibleSound #$InformationBearingWavePropagation
direct generalization of:
#$Music
#$Utterance-IBT #$AnimalUtterance-IBT
#$AnimalSound animal sounds
A specialization of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation.
Each instance of #$AnimalSound is a
sound of a type which originally was, and typically is, made
by an animal using just its body parts (though such a sound
may subsequently have been reproduced by imitation or
recording). Examples of #$AnimalSounds
include instances of #$Birdsong, #$NeighingSound,
#$PurringSound, #$BarkingSound, and #$BrayingSound. Note
that the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone
excludes noises produced by moving external objects;
consequently, #$AnimalSound does
_not_ include rustling the leaves underfoot, splashing
water, or playing a musical instrument. Note that this
collection is not a specialization of #$Action, or #$BodyMovementEvent,
since it refers to animal sounds themselves, not to the
activity of making animal sounds (though events of both
types usually accompany one another. See #$EmittingSound
for the latter.)
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$InformationBearingWavePropagation #$AudibleSound
direct generalization of:
#$AnimalUtterance-IBT
#$AnimalUtterance-IBT utterances
A specialization of both #$AnimalSound and
#$Utterance-IBT. Each instance of #$AnimalUtterance-IBT
is a sound initially generated by some #$Animal speaking or
making some sound with his/her/its mouth (note that the
sound may or may not have propositional content - i.e.
instantiate some #$PropositionalInformationThing).
If such a sound is recorded and played back, the sound
generated is still considered an instance of #$AnimalUtterance-IBT.
Examples: one's spouse's `Good morning'; a child's scream at
a playmate; Humphrey Bogart's `Here's looking at you' on the
set of _Casablanca_. Note that only the sounds themselves
are instances of this collection -- not the activities of
making them. This collection is not a specialization of #$Action (for that, see
#$CommunicationAct-Single
and its specializations).
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$AnimalSound #$Utterance-IBT
#$Music music (noise)
(wave) (move)
A specialization of both #$SoundInformationBearingThing
and #$Artifact-Intangible. Each instance of #$Music is a particular
sound produced by actions such as singing, whistling,
playing an instrument, playing recorded music, and so on.
Music has certain features that distinguish it from random
noise (though recognizing them may depend upon a specific
cultural background); such features usually include
variations of pitch over time (i.e., melody), multiple
(somehow) related pitches sounding at one time (i.e., some
kind of harmony), and/or some regular temporal pattern to
the component sounds (i.e., rhythm). Instances of #$Music include the debut
performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, Leonard
Bernstein's rendition of the Ninth Symphony with the BPO in
Berlin in 1989, a particular playing of a particular CD of
Bernstein's 1989 Ninth in Berlin, and the Messiah sing-in in
Austin, TX, in 1995. This collection is not to be confused
with #$MusicalText or #$MusicalTextCopy (qq.v.), which refer
to the represented instructions which musicians often follow
in order to create #$Music.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Artifact-Intangible #$SoundInformationBearingThing
#$ComputerProgram-CW programz
A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork,
#$ComputerFile-CW and #$SoftwareObject-Individual. Each
instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW
is a deliberately created abstract object comprised of
propositions that together constitute a list of instructions
for computers to execute. Example instances include
#$Emacs-TheProgram and #$LinuxKernel-TheProgram. Instances
of this collection are distinct from computer code and from
both running and installed programs. The instructions that
comprise an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW
can be expressed as abstract computer code (see
#$ComputerCode), but no list of instructions expressed in
code constitutes an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW.
Rather, the code in which an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW
is expressed constitutes an instance of
#$AbstractInformationStructure that can be related to the
program it expresses using the predicate #$programCode. More
than one instance of #$ComputerCode can express the same
instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW;
for example, a single instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW
can be written in source code (see #$ComputerCode-Source) in
several different computer languages, or it can be complied
as a binary executable (see #$ComputerCode-Binary). A
physical instantiation of a #$ComputerProgram-CW
is a #$ComputerProgramCopy which is an #$InformationBearingThing
and is related to its #$ComputerProgram-CW
by the predicate #$programCopies. An instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW
that is being executed is a #$ComputerProcessRunning,
related to its #$ComputerProgram-CW
by the predicate #$programOfProcess.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$ComputerFile-CW #$SoftwareObject-Individual
direct generalization of: #$OpenSourceComputerProgram
#$OperatingSystemKernel #$ApplicationProgram
#$OperatingSystem
#$ArtObject works of art
A specialization of both #$HumanAccessibleIBO and
#$Artifact.
Each instance of #$ArtObject is a
physical object that is a work, or a reproduction of a work,
in one of the representational or plastic arts, such as a
painting, sculpture, quilt, or stained glass composition. #$ArtObject does not
include as instances plays, movies, music, performance art,
or other activities. #$ArtObject is a
specialization of #$InformationBearingObject,
but its instances need not have any propositional content.
Examples of #$ArtObject include
the #$StatueOfLiberty, the Mona Lisa, a poster reproduction
of Van Gogh's `Starry Night', Rodin's `Burghers of Calais',
a piece of Ju ware from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of
Chartres Cathedral. See also #$Artist, #$artisticWorksCreated.
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direct instance of: #$ProductByGenericType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$HumanAccessibleIBO #$TopAndBottomSidedObject #$VisualInformationBearingThing #$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$Artifact
direct generalization of:
#$Sculpture
#$VisualInformationBearingThing visual
information sources
A specialization of both #$Artifact-Generic and #$InformationBearingThing.
Each instance of this collection is an artifact from which
information is extracted by viewing it (note that a viewer
may need to be familiar with an appropriate set of
interpretive conventions in order to do this). Examples of
#$VisualInformationBearingThing
include handwritten letters, newspapers, sculptures,
television sets, and neon signs. (Thus, the information
content of #$VisualInformationBearingThings
may or may not be propositional in nature.) In the proper
conditions, instances of #$VisualInformationBearingThing
produce instances of #$VisualImage
(which, unlike instances of #$VisualInformationBearingThing,
are instances of #$Event). For example, if
one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic #$VisualImage is
produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign, a #$VisualImage is
produced. A notable specialization of this collection is
#$StillImageSource -- sources of #$VisualImage that
do not move (which thus includes all the examples of #$VisualInformationBearingThing
given above except for the television set). See also the
predicate #$visuallyDepicts.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$InformationBearingThing #$Artifact-NonAgentive
direct generalization of:
#$VisualMark #$Gesture #$ArtObject
#$SignTheDisplay signs
A specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject.
Each instance of #$SignTheDisplay
is a physical object typically placed where #$Persons can see it
so that they can obtain (generally propositional)
information from it. Signs are typically used to identify
objects (e.g., street signs, name tags, species labels at
zoos), to advertise goods (e.g., billboards, neon signs,
posters for garage sales), and to warn of hazards (e.g.,
signs for road hazards or road construction, printed tape
marking off a police line). #$SignTheDisplay
differs from #$SymbolicObject
in displaying specific information rather than symbolizing
another thing, though the two collections are obviously not
disjoint. See also #$signifiesTo, #$signifiedBy.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$HardcopyInformationBearingObject
#$VisualImage images
A specialization of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation.
Each instance of #$VisualImage is an
event in which visible light is generated in a particular
pattern, which (does or might) contain information for an
observer. Visual images may be produced by illuminating some
tangible object -- a #$VisualInformationBearingThing
(such as a photograph, movie film, or page of print), or by
direct manipulation of light(s) to produce a pattern (e.g.,
nautical code lights). Visual images may be instantaneous or
extended in time. Visual images may be classified (among
other ways) by features of their appearance (e.g., #$ColorImage,
#$BlackAndWhiteImage), by their origin (e.g., #$XRayImage,
#$PenOrPencilDrawing, #$SatelliteImage), or by their content
(e.g., #$LandscapeImage).
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$InformationBearingWavePropagation #$VisibleLight
#$ColorImage color images
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of visual images. Each element of #$ColorImage is an
image 'in color', i.e., it is not monochromatic but is
composed of several colors. Any 'in color' movie being shown
on a 'color television' is a #$ColorImage.
Presumably, a nighttime sequence viewed on such a television
would still be an element of #$ColorImage since
the context was 'in color' and subtle blues as well as greys
would be depicted. An image consisting solely of varying
shades of green, such as that seen on many monochromatic
oscilloscopes, would be an element of #$MonochromeImage
not #$ColorImage
nor #$BlackAndWhiteImage.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$VisualImage
#$MonochromeImage monochrome images
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of visual images. Each element of #$MonochromeImage
is an all grey-scale or otherwise monochrome visual image.
#$BlackAndWhiteImage is a subset of #$MonochromeImage.
Some images, e.g. some infrared images, are in varying
shades of red. These would be elements of #$MonochromeImage
but not #$BlackAndWhiteImage.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$VisualImage
#$StillImage still images
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of visual images. Each element of #$StillImage is a
static visual image. Such images are typically images
reflected from, or generated by, objects that don't change
in time, e.g. an illuminated photograph. Other examples:
images from maps, x-rays, drawings, labels, or any constant
projection of light.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$VisualInformationBearingThing
#$MovingImage moving images
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of visual images. Each element of #$MovingImage is a
visual image which persists while changing over time.
Examples of #$MovingImage
include shadows of trees swaying in the wind, meteors, film
and video images; images produced by light reflected from
moving physical objects; images produced directly by a
changing pattern of lights (e.g., nautical beacons).
guid: c0fd7d5c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$VisualImage
#$Reflection-Visual reflections
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of visual images. Each element of #$Reflection-Visual
is a visual image produced by the reflection of light from a surface.
guid: c10069cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$VisualImage
#$VisualMark markings
A specialization of #$VisualInformationBearingThing.
Each instance of #$VisualMark is a
visible marking on some tangible object. Visual markings may
be applied to an object using ink, paint, or pencil; they
may be engraved into or molded out of the object's material;
they may be made of other objects affixed to or resting on
the object (e.g., a plaque bearing a house number); or they
may consist of contrasting areas of color or light level
(e.g., markings on a computer screen). This collection is
not to be confused with #$MarkingOnASurface,
which is the collection of #$Events which consist,
naturally, in making a mark on a surface. See also the
predicates #$marks and #$markCreated.
guid: bd590b98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$VisualInformationBearingThing #$PartiallyTangible
#$MarkingOnASurface marking
(handling) (controlling) (creating)
A specialization of both #$MaterialHandling and #$IBOCreation. Each
instance of #$MarkingOnASurface
is an event in which visible markings are placed on a
surface by an agent (see the collection #$Agent). The marking
may be done by adding material to a surface (as in instances
of #$Painting-Activity) or removing material from a surface
(as in instances of #$EngravingEvent).
guid: bd588d33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$MaterialHandling #$IBOCreation
direct generalization of:
#$WritingByHand
#$TextMarking text markings
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$TextMarking is a
visual artifact, a mark or configuration of marks
recognizable as text in some writing system. Examples of #$TextMarking
include written words, written numbers, sentences,
individual letters and numerals, all the text on a piece of
paper or in a book, auxiliary marks like punctuation, etc.
guid: bd590b57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$VisualMark
#$Line-Marking line marking
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Line-Marking is
a visual mark which is relatively long and thin.
guid: c0fd6bea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$VisualMark
#$Tattoo tattoos
(visual information sources) (ibt) (artifacts)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Tattoo is a mark made
on the skin of a person or other animal, having a pattern
formed by scar tissue or by pigment applied in or under the
skin. In medical terms, `tattoo' includes marks resulting
from accidental tattooing. But typically tattoos are
deliberately applied for purposes of identification or decoration.
guid: c1009ba3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
#$Footprint footprints
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Footprint is an
impression made by a foot of an animal. Footprints may be
made in soft earth, clay, concrete, or on paper with paint
or ink. Footprints may be made accidentally or on purpose.
guid: c0fbadda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
#$Fingerprint fingerprints
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Fingerprint is a
mark made when pressure from a manual digit leaves traces of
body oils (or ink) on a surface, showing the patterns on the
skin of the finger(s) that made them.
guid: bd5e4ba9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$VisualMark
#$Gesture gestures
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subcollection of #$VisualInformationBearingThing.
Each instance of #$Gesture is a
configuration of body parts (usually animal body parts) that
has some meaning to an observer with an understanding
(whether explicit or instinctive) of the interpretive
convention. A gesture may include some tool or prop. #$Gestures may be
fleeting (e.g., a hello wave) or may last a long time (e.g.,
the gesture embodied in the #$StatueOfLiberty ). Note that,
as defined in #$Cyc, a gesture is a meaningful configuration
of body parts, NOT the #$Actions producing the
arrangement. For representation of the actions, see #$MakingAGesture.
guid: bd590c05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Signal #$Situation-Temporal #$VisualInformationBearingThing
#$Sculpture sculptures
A specialization of #$ArtObject. Each
instance of this collection is a tangible three-dimensional
work of art. Buildings are not included, even though
sculptural features of buildings (such as friezes) are.
Types of #$Sculpture include
stone statues, friezes, wood carvings, pipes welded into
abstract art sculptures, etc. Example instances: the
#$StatueOfLiberty, the #$MountRushmoreMonument,
Michelangelo's David, the friezes on the #$Parthenon, the
Buddhas at Longan. See also #$Sculptor.
guid: bd58acda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$HexalateralObject #$ArtObject
#$Model-Artifact models
(visual information sources) (ibt) (artifacts)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of artifacts; a subset of
#$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$Model-Artifact
is a tangible object designed to resemble and/or represent
some other object, which may or may not exist tangibly. For
example, an architectural model for a proposed public
building; a souvenir model of #$TheWhiteHouse; a scale model
of a dinosaur skeleton; a miniature room and furnishings
copying a real house. The funnction, #$ModelFn, is used to
designate the collection of models of a collection of objects.
guid: be010ef1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$SolidTangibleProduct #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$Artifact #$VisualInformationBearingThing
#$ModelFn model fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The Cyc function #$ModelFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction
which is used to represent models of a certain type of
thing. (#$ModelFn
OBJ-TYPE) denotes the collection of all models of objects
that belong to the type OBJ-TYPE. For example, all
sculptures of horses are elements of the collection (#$ModelFn #$Horse-Domesticated).
guid: be010f3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$TextualMaterial documents
A specialization of #$InformationBearingThing
(IBT). Each instance of #$TextualMaterial
is an IBT a significant part of whose informational content
is both (i) encoded in some #$CommunicationConvention
(q.v.), usually a #$Language, and
(ii) represented or displayed in a spatial format. Examples
include a copy of a newspaper printed in English using the
Roman alphabet, a copy of a book printed in English using
Braille, and a poster written in Chinese characters.
Condition (i) excludes things like hardcopies of drawings,
while condition (ii) excludes things like magnetic tapes
containing recorded speech. A piece of textual material
always involves one or more spatially-localized
representations -- usually physical inscriptions (see
#$CharacterStringToken-Inscribed) -- of #$CharacterStrings
(q.v.). Textual materials are usually tangible objects (such
as the examples given above), but are sometimes intangibles
like patterns of light projecting words onto walls or
screens. Specializations of #$TextualMaterial
include #$OfficialDocument
and #$NonPublishedText.
Note that, while there is considerable overlap between #$TextualMaterial
and #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject,
these collections differ in that the latter both includes
IBTs that involve no character-string representations and
excludes intangibles of any sort.
guid: bd5904c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StuffType
direct specialization of:
#$HexalateralObject #$InformationBearingThing #$Artifact-NonAgentive
direct generalization of:
#$Currency #$Form-StandardizedIBO
#$ScheduleDocument #$Bill-PaymentRequest
#$NonPublishedText
#$OfficialDocument
#$CharacterString is the
atomic form of (#$ListOfTypeFn
#$Character-Abstract)(#$ListOfTypeFn #$Character-Abstract)
A specialization of #$AbstractInformationStructure.
Each instance of #$CharacterString
is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of
symbols. Note that an instance of #$CharacterString
is _not_ any particular physical, tangible representation,
since different encodings may represent the same string of
characters. An instance of #$CharacterString
is a list (see the collection #$List) of characters
(instances of #$Character-Abstract) from some fixed
character set. An instance of #$CharacterString
may be any finite length, including zero (the zero-length
string is the empty string, which has no characters).
Notable specializations of #$CharacterString
include #$EMailAddress, #$AreaCode, #$PhoneNumber,
and #$TelephoneCountryCode. Note that a #$CharacterString
is ordered formally as a #$List (rather than
physically left-to-right or top-to-bottom); thus the 'first'
character in the #$CharacterString
for an Arabic word happens to be the rightmost (first
pronounced) character, not the leftmost character, due to
the letter-order and word-order convention for Arabic writing.
guid: bd6100db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TermPhrasesConstraint
#$StuffType
direct specialization of:
#$AbstractInformationStructure #$List
direct generalization of:
#$TextString
#$SubLString #$IDString
#$ProgramIdentifier
#$ReferenceWork reference works
A specialization of #$TextualPCW. Each instance of
#$ReferenceWork
is a conceptual work providing a more or less
non-speculative, fact-oriented , comprehensive description
of some knowledge domain.
guid: bd58caa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$TextualPCW
#$HardcopyInformationBearingObject physical
information bearing objects
The collection-intersection (and thus a common
specialization) of #$Artifact,
#$StillImageSource and #$HumanAccessibleIBO (qq.v.). Each
instance of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject
is an human-created #$InformationBearingObject
(IBO) in a hard format (e.g. written on paper, on wood, on
palm leaves, engraved in metal, or carved on stone) that
humans can obtain information from by viewing (if there is
sufficient light) without using a computer or electronic
device. In many cases the information is encoded in visual
symbols, whose #$CommunicationConvention
must be understood by anyone who would access the
information. For example, the information may be stored as
English text. Examples of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject
include: a billboard, a greeting card, a restaurant check, a
magazine, an engraving by Rembrandt, a Picasso painting, and
a hardcopy of a map with no text on it. Note that this
collection does _not_ include IBOs embodied in magnetic
media such as tape or disk (as the information they bear is
not directly accessible to someone viewing them) or Braille
books (as they are not instances of #$StillImageSource,
whose information content must be accessed visually).
guid: bd58e00e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$HumanAccessibleIBO #$Artifact #$HexalateralObject #$SolidTangibleThing #$Artifact-NonAgentive
direct generalization of:
#$SignTheDisplay
#$Paper-IBO #$Card #$Currency #$NonPublishedText
#$OfficialDocument
#$Book-CW books
A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork
and #$BookGeneric-CW. Each instance of #$Book-CW is an
abstract work intended to be instantiated as a book of some
sort. Instances of #$Book-CW may be
intended to be instantiated in any book format: hardcopy
(see #$BookCopy), electronic, audio tape, etc. Instances of
#$Book-CW are
usually also instances of #$TextualPCW, but some may be
comprised of mainly non-propositional information, such as
images. Note that books with no propositional information
(such as certain coloring books) would not be instances of
this specialization of #$BookGeneric-CW.
guid: bd58e6ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PropositionalConceptualWork #$BookGeneric-CW
#$Card cards (visual
information sources) (sheets of some substance) (ibt)
An instance of #$ExistingObjectType,
and a specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject.
Each instance of #$Card
is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff -- usually cardstock
paper, although it could be plastic or thin metal -- bearing
some kind of information. Specializations of #$Card include #$CreditCard,
#$BusinessCard, and #$PostCard. Note that electronic objects
that perform the same functions as some instances of #$Card (for example,
electronic greeting cards) are not instances of #$Card.
guid: c0fd456f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PortableObject #$SheetOfSomeStuff #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject
direct generalization of: #$PrepaidTelephoneCard #$CreditCard
#$BankDebitCard
#$KnowledgeBase kb
A specialization of #$Database-AbstractContent.
Each instance of #$KnowledgeBase
is a database (considered as an abstract repository of
information rather than a physical storage device)
containing knowledge about at least part of the world. A
notable specialization of #$KnowledgeBase
is #$CycKB, the collection of all Cyc knowledge bases.
guid: bd58d211-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$ClassificationSystem #$Database-AbstractContent
#$IndexedInformationSource indexed
info source
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all structured information
sources in which the information contained therein is
indexed by some set of index terms (the terms could be
names, phrases, #$CharacterStrings,
#$IDNumbers or codes). For every index term, there is one
specific part of the #$IndexedInformationSource
associated with that term. Each instance of #$IndexedInformationSource
has some format or organizing structure of specified parts
or 'chunks' imposed on the information. (Although its
indexed parts might be be ordered in a certain sequence, in
theory it could be indexed without there being any
particular sequential ordering of the parts.) An instance of
#$IndexedInformationSource
is the abstract informational content of the source, not any
particular physical object in which the information is
stored. Examples include a #$Dictionary, #$Thesaurus, #$Database-AbstractContent,
or a #$KnowledgeBase.
Some examples that do not qualify are #$Painting-ArtForm, or
a #$CharacterString
without any structuring information about it or that has no
structure beyond being a string of characters. Thus this is
not referring to unstructured text, even if it has an
'Index'. The fact that a book has an index does not make it
an #$IndexedInformationSource.
guid: c03febed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Artifact-Intangible #$StructuredInformationSource #$AbstractInformationalThing
direct generalization of: #$DynamicIndexedInfoSource
#$Database-AbstractContent
#$OrganizationalChart
#$AbstractInformationalThing AIT
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$IntangibleIndividual
and #$InformationStore. #$AbstractInformationalThing
is a heterogeneous collection of abstract repositories of
information. #$AbstractInformationalThing
is a generalization not only of #$Proposition, but also the
collections #$Sentence, #$CharacterString,
#$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, #$Microtheory,
#$PropositionalInformationThing,
and #$ConceptualWork. Each instance of #$AbstractInformationalThing
is an abstract individual and most instances of this
collection can have multiple concrete embodiments . For
example, a single instance of #$Sentence can be written on
several pieces of paper (see #$instantiationOfAIS); a #$PropositionalInformationThing
may be the content of several concrete documents, such as
several instances of #$BookCopy (see
#$containsInfoPropositional-IBT); and several distinct
events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain unique
#$Proposition as their content (see #$containsInformation).
Note that some instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing
have temporal extent. Examples include all instances of
#$DevisedPracticeOrWork, such as the instances of #$Novel-CW
and #$Movie-CW. Other specializations of #$AbstractInformationalThing
are disjoint with #$TemporalThing.
Examples include all instances of #$Character-Abstract and #$Proposition.
guid: bdff6c64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StuffType
direct specialization of:
#$InformationStore #$IntangibleIndividual
direct generalization of: #$ELSentenceTemplate #$ClassificationSystem
#$Microtheory
#$Information-Content #$DynamicInfoSource
#$DevisedPracticeOrWork #$RuleTemplate #$Algorithm #$IndexedInformationSource
#$CycLSentence #$BeliefSystem
#$FieldOfStudy #$LinguisticObject
#$CommunicationConvention
#$News
#$CycHLTruthValue #$ComputerFile-Abstract
#$SoftwareParameter
#$SymbolicObject icons
A specialization of both #$SymbolicThing and
#$HumanAccessibleIBO. Each instance of #$SymbolicObject
is a #$SymbolicThing that has some material part (i.e. is an
instance of #$PartiallyTangible),
and symbolizes some thing, event or achievement, without
describing it propositionally in any detail. Examples
include national flags, military medals and ribbons, an
Oscar, a Crucifix, a caduceus, and printed trademark logos
of commercial brands. Only some instances of #$SymbolicObject
have the #$primaryFunction of serving as symbols (e.g.
national flags, war memorials); others are symbolic in a
secondary capacity (e.g. a gravestone symbolizes death but
its primary function is as a marker), and/or acquire
symbolic associations over time (e.g. Ellis Island).
Examples of #$SymbolicObject
include the #$ArcDeTriomphe, the #$StatueOfLiberty, the
#$PyramidOfCheops, a hangman's noose, a Menorah, a white
dove. Negative examples include #$NationalAnthems and
#$Swastikas projected on walls, because these do not have a
material part; for such symbols use the broader collection #$SymbolicThing.
guid: bd58cf26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$SymbolicThing
direct generalization of: #$MemorialMarker
#$Insignia insignias
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of symbolic objects. Each element of
#$Insignia is a
visual configuration conventionally associated with some
organization, person, or other agent. Elements of #$Insignia include
monograms, company logos, devices of heraldry, totems, the
official seals of universities, etc.
guid: bd5890fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$SymbolicObject
#$Trophy trophies
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of objects. Each element of #$Trophy is a solid
tangible object with a symbolic meaning, awarded to some
agent(s) in recognition for winning some competition or
achieving some goal. Trophies typically contain (e.g., in
engraved writing) the name of the award, date, and name(s)
of the recipient(s). Examples: the Heisman trophy, the
Americas Cup, an Oscar.
guid: be010ebe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$SymbolicObject #$SolidTangibleProduct
#$MeaningInSystemFn meaning
in system fn
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A reifiable #$BinaryFunction that returns the
meaningful entities indexed by a particular character string
in a Cyc-external information source. More precisely, (#$MeaningInSystemFn
INFOSOURCE STRING), applied to the #$CharacterString
STRING and the #$IndexedInformationSource
INFOSOURCE, returns whatever is indexed by STRING in that
system. For example, (#$MeaningInSystemFn
#$WordNet-1997Version N03585958 ) returns the WordNet
`synset' (`synonym set') represented by
(rampart|bulwark|wall), meaning an embankment built around a
space for defensive purposes . STRING can have any format
chosen by the person who builds the representation of the
external system. In addition, STRING may contain arbitrary
further characters or information, depending on how the
external information is selected and processed. This
function makes it possible to relate a concept in an
external system to an arbitrarily complicated expression
composed of Cyc concepts. If the external concept has a
direct, exact mapping to a single Cyc constant, then use the
predicate #$synonymousExternalConcept
rather than this function. If there is correspondence only
to one Cyc constant, but it is only approximate, use #$overlappingExternalConcept.
guid: bf3a978c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$synonymousExternalConcept synonymous
external concept
(#$synonymousExternalConcept
TERM SOURCE STRING) means that the CycL expression TERM is
synonymous with at least one of the interpretations of
STRING in the external data source SOURCE.
guid: c0e2af4e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate
#$TernaryPredicate
#$overlappingExternalConcept overlapping
external concept
(#$overlappingExternalConcept
TERM SOURCE STRING) means that the CycL expression TERM
overlaps semantically with at least one of the
interpretations of STRING in the external data source SOURCE.
guid: bf83203b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate
#$TernaryPredicate
#$ConventionalClassificationType conventional
classification types
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ConventionalClassificationType
is a collection that corresponds to a category in some
agreed-upon or conventional classification system (see #$ClassificationSystem)
used by people. In such systems, a change or
reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority,
or by a changed social agreement or custom, without changing
the intrinsic natures of the actual objects in the category.
#$ConventionalClassificationTypes
include categories in biological taxonomy, standard
classifications in data dictionaries and thesauri, cultural
taboo classes, military doctrinal classes, and named
calendar intervals.
guid: bee6da31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$VariableOrderCollection
#$CollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$Collection
direct generalization of:
#$UnitOfMeasureTypeByTypeMeasured
#$UnitOfMeasureTypeBySystem #$OrganismClassificationType
#$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType #$TimeOfDayType
#$PersonTypeByCulture
#$FoodGroup
#$GarmentTypeByRegionOfBodyCovered
#$ClassificationSystem conventional
classification systems
A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing.
Each instance of #$ClassificationSystem
is an agreed-upon or conventional classification system
consisting of several #$ConventionalClassificationTypes
(q.v.). In such a system, a change or reclassification is
possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed
social agreement, without changing the intrinsic natures of
the actual objects in the classificatory categories. #$ClassificationSystems
include biological taxonomies, standard classifications,
data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo systems,
military doctrinal systems, and calendar systems.
guid: c0d808c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$AbstractInformationalThing #$Artifact-Intangible
direct generalization of:
#$KnowledgeBase
#$IDDocument identification cards
A specialization of #$OfficialDocument.
Each instance of this collection is an officially sanctioned
credential for identifying some person or physical object.
Important subcollections of #$IDDocument include
#$Passport,
#$DriversLicense, #$PersonalCheck. Other examples include
student ID cards, dog tags (worn by military personnel), dog
tags (worn by dogs), authentication certificates for an #$ArtObject or an antique.
guid: bd58903e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
direct specialization of:
#$OfficialDocument
direct generalization of:
#$StockCertificate
#$BankDebitCard
#$Passport #$CreditCard
#$Check-TenderObject
#$BankDebitCard bank
debit cards
A specialization of #$Card and #$TenderObject.
Each instance of #$BankDebitCard
is a plastic card that enables the holder to access the
#$BankAccount with which the card is associated. It is
typically used to withdraw funds from the account. See also
#$CreditCard.
guid: c0fd4920-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
#$MoneyTenderType
direct specialization of:
#$FreeSheet #$Card #$TenderObject #$IDDocument
#$Passport passports
A specialization of #$LegalDocument and #$IDDocument. Each
instance of #$Passport is a
document issued to a person by the government of a country
of which s/he is a citizen, in order to identify that person
as a citizen of that country while s/he is travelling
outside of its borders. It can also be used for ID purposes
back home. #$Passports typically
expire after a set period of time and require renewal.
Countries generally allow only one valid passport per citizen.
guid: c10afd58-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
direct specialization of:
#$LegalDocument #$IDDocument
#$CreditCard credit cards
A specialization of both #$Card and #$TenderObject.
Each instance of #$CreditCard is
a piece of plastic that enables authorized users to spend
the card-issuing company's money, drawn as a (usually
unsecured) loan through an associated instance of
#$CreditCardAccount (q.v.) under a pre-arranged credit
agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of the
purchased goods or services and bills the card user (see #$Bill-PaymentRequest),
usually with interest. See also #$creditor, #$owesDebts.
guid: bd58ceea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
#$MoneyTenderType
direct specialization of:
#$FinancialAccountTenderObject #$FreeSheet #$Card #$IDDocument
#$StockCertificate stock certificates
A specialization of #$OfficialDocument
and #$CertificateDocument. Each instance of #$StockCertificate
is a document issued by a corporation (see #$Business) to
one of its shareholders, certifying the shareholder's
ownership of some number of shares of #$Stock (q.v.) in
that corporation. See also #$shareholders.
guid: c0fd4a24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
direct specialization of:
#$IDDocument
#$OfficialDocument official documents
A specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject.
Each instance of #$OfficialDocument
is a document that can be used as the basis, proof, or
support of some fact (such as a person's nationality,
marital status, credit, or qualifications; or the ownership
or transfer of property, etc.). #$OfficialDocuments
are typically generated, issued, and/or certified by
relevant institutions (as with #$Passports or #$StockCertificates),
but they also include unique personal documents (such as
wills) which meet certain standards to be accepted in
support of facts. Instances of #$OfficialDocument
include: #$BirthCertificates, #$TaxReturns, insurance
policies, #$PostageStamps, receipts, #$PackingSlips and
student ID cards. A notable specialization of this
collection is #$LegalDocument. See also #$OfficialDocumentType.
guid: bd58971b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
direct specialization of:
#$PortableObject #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject #$TextualMaterial
direct generalization of:
#$DrugPrescription
#$IDDocument
#$LegalDocument
#$PublishedMaterial publications (products)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$InformationStore. Each
instance of #$PublishedMaterial
is either a conceptual work (an instance of
#$ConceptualWork) with instantiations which have been
produced for distribution, or an information-bearing thing
(an instance of #$InformationBearingThing)
which has been produced for distribution. Note that
published here does not mean printed and physically
distributed , since intangible information-bearing things
can be published using the #$WorldWideWeb-Concrete, or
broadcast on the airwaves. Notable specializations of #$PublishedMaterial
include #$Book-CW,
#$RecordedVideoProduct,
and #$RecordedSoundProduct.
guid: bd58c1bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Product #$InformationStore #$Artifact-NonAgentive
direct generalization of:
#$RecordedVideoProduct
#$RecordedSoundProduct
#$BookGeneric-CW
#$NonPublishedText unpublished texts
A specialization of #$TextualMaterial,
and thus of #$InformationBearingObject
(IBO). Each instance of this collection is (a physical copy
of) a text that has not yet been published. It may have been
rejected for publication (e.g. a rejected book manuscript)
or it may not be intended for publication (e.g. a memo or
personal letter). It is, of course, disjoint with #$PublishedMaterial.
guid: bd58c599-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$HardcopyInformationBearingObject #$TextualMaterial
#$RecordedVideoProduct recorded
video products
#$RecordedVideoProduct
is a specialization of #$PublishedMaterial,
#$VideoRecordedObject, and #$PartiallyTangibleProduct. Each
instance of #$RecordedVideoProduct
is a video recording which is one of a class of similar
recordings with the same information content.
guid: bd58e771-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PublishedMaterial #$MediaProduct #$PartiallyTangibleProduct
#$RecordedSoundProduct sound recordings
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
#$RecordedSoundProduct
is a specialization of #$AudioRecordedObject,
#$PartiallyTangibleProduct and #$PublishedMaterial.
Each instance of #$RecordedSoundProduct
is (a particular copy of) a sound recording which is
mass-produced -- i.e. it is one of a class of similar
recordings with the same information content.
guid: bd590495-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PublishedMaterial
#$Credential credentials
A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing.
Each instance of #$Credential is
specific information about one #$SocialBeing
(q.v.), provided by another #$SocialBeing.
The information content of a credential consists of
favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional
declarations. Although each instance of #$Credential is
wholly intangible, instances of #$Credential usually
have some associated #$TextualMaterial
(e.g. a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's
license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e. the
subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g.
legal bar certification or the ability to drive); has
completed certain training (e.g. GED schooling or satisfying
PhD requirements); is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g. a
travel visa or permission slip); and so on. See also the
predicate #$issuesCredential.
guid: bd58b0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TemporalThing #$PropositionalInformationThing
direct generalization of:
#$EducationalDegree
#$Visa-Permit
#$License-LegalAgreement licenses
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of intangible pieces of information; a
subset of #$Permission. Each element of #$License-LegalAgreement
is a credential issued by a granting authority and recorded
in some tangible document (see #$License-IBO), which
authorizes the agent to whom it is issued to perform actions
of a certain kind. Sample subsets of #$License-LegalAgreement
include: #$TrainEngineerLicense, #$DriversLicense, #$PestControlLicense.
guid: bd58aede-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Credential #$Permission #$AuthorizedAgreement #$LegalAgreement
#$Accreditation accreditation
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of abstract (intangible) objects
consisting of information; a subset of #$Credential. Each
element of #$Accreditation
is a credential, issued to an organization by the
appropriate authority, that declares the issuer's approval
of the quality of the recipient's activities. For example,
accreditation of an educational organization to offer a kind
of degree or training; or accreditation of a hospital to
offer medical services.
guid: c10aff30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Credential
#$Recommendation recommendation
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of abstract (intangible) objects which
consist of information; a subset of #$Credential. Each
element of #$Recommendation
consists of a statement by some agent about the qualities of
another agent, product, program, or activity. Examples: a
letter of recommendation for graduate school; a reference
letter for a jobseeker; or a product endorsement.
guid: bd58da09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Credential
#$EducationalDegree degrees
A specialization of #$Credential. Each
instance of #$EducationalDegree
is a credential conferred by some instance of #$EducationalOrganization
on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed
course of study there. #$EducationalDegree
includes as instances high school, associate, baccalaureate,
licensate, magisterial, professional, and doctoral degrees.
guid: bd58a9fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Credential
#$CertificationOfCompetence certification
of competence
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of certifications. Each element of #$CertificationOfCompetence
is the (abstract) declaration, by an appropriate authority,
that a person is competent to perform a certain kind of job
or task. Such a certification may be embodied in a written
document, oral testimonial, or personal recommendation.
guid: bd58f11d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Credential
#$HealthCertificate health certificates
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of credentials. Each element of #$HealthCertificate
is the (abstract) declaration, by the appropriate authority,
that a particular person (or other animal) is in good
health. Typically a health certificate is embodied in a
document issued by the authority.
guid: bd58b019-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Credential
#$CertificationOfWorkExperience certifications
of work experience
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of credentials. Each element of #$CertificationOfWorkExperience
is an (abstract) declaration, by an appropriate authority,
that a particular person has performed a certain amount of
work of some kind. Such information might be embodied in a
letter, a form, or a verbal statement issued by the authority.
guid: bd58bb8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Credential
#$Visa-Permit visas
(credentials) (agreements) (pit)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$Permission and
#$LegalAgreement. Each instance of #$Visa-Permit is an
authorization issued by the government of some country to
one (or more) person(s), stating that s/he is allowed to
enter that country and remain for a certain period of time
while engaging in certain specified activities (e.g., study,
travel, work). Specializations of #$Visa-Permit
include #$H1WorkVisa, #$F1WorkVisa, and #$GreenCard.
guid: bd5af45a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Credential #$Permission #$LegalAgreement
#$News news
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing.
Each instance of #$News
consists of some factual information about recent events in
the world (or #$geographicalSubRegions
thereof). News is commonly embodied in newspapers and
communicated through radio and television news broadcasts.
Note that #$News does
not include as instances any instance of #$NewsArticle
(q.v.). Rather, an instance of #$News might be the
content of a #$NewsArticle, and could be the content of
distinct #$NewsArticles
guid: bd58dbd1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PropositionalInformationThing
#$Narrative narratives
A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork.
Each instance of #$Narrative is an
abstract work that recounts a sequence of events (in
chronological order or in such a manner that their temporal
order can be ascertained) involving some agent or agents.
Instances of #$Narrative may be
fictional or factual and, accordingly, may involve instances
of #$Person or
instamces of #$FictionalCharacter. Important specializations
of #$Narrative
include #$Novel-CW and #$Biography.
guid: bd58886c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PropositionalConceptualWork
#$Instructions instructions
A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork.
Each instance of #$Instructions is
an abstract work that outlines a sequence of tasks to be
performed by an agent. Positive examples of instantiations
are instructions on a food package, verbal instructions, a
musical score. Illustrative specializations include
#$DirectionsToGetSomewhere and #$InvestmentGuide.
guid: bd58db4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PropositionalConceptualWork
#$IllocutionaryForce-Coll illocutionary forces
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of illocutionary force attributes
held by illocutionary acts. Each instance of
#$IllocutionaryForce is a specialized component of a
communication; its function is to indicate how the speaker
in a communication wants the agent(s) whom s/he is
addressing to understand, and respond to, the
situation--i.e., the state of affairs--described in that
communication. Isolating the `illocutionary force' of a
communication allows us to characterize the intention of a
speaker; e.g., whether s/he means to assert that the
described state of affairs in fact holds; or to express a
desire that such a state of affairs hold; or to command
someone to make that state of affairs hold; or to offer to
make the state of affairs hold. S/he may even intend to make
something true by stating it (e.g., ``I name this ship `The
Intrepid'.''). Usually, apprehending a speaker's intention
is important for understanding what s/he means and what s/he
intends the hearer to do. Although the content of an
illocutionary act can be represented propositionally, they
are not generally communicated so explicitly. For example,
questions in English are typically communicated by inverting
subject-object word order and raising one's intonation at
the end of the utterance. (The intonation marker so strongly
indicates a question that it may suffice without the
inverted word order, as in `You are going tonight' uttered
with a rising intonation.) Commands in English typically
have an (unexpressed) understood subject and perhaps a
forceful tone. In every culture and language there are
conventional sets of commonly used illocutionary forces
which would be instances of #$IllocutionaryForce for that
culture; e.g., in English, they include #$Inform, #$Request, #$Offer, #$Promise, and #$Query. Note: although
in this comment #$IllocutionaryForce is explained in terms
of utterances, it applies to communication generally; so
`speaker' and `listener' should be broadly interpreted to
mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and
#$recipientOfInfo.
See also #$Communicating,
#$CommunicationAct-Single.
In #$CycL, illocutionary forces can be related to
communication acts having some propositional content, via
#$iteIllocutionaryForce, or to the microtheory containing
formulas expressing the information transferred in an
illocutionary act with #$componentIF.
guid: 3550627a-74b0-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$Collection
#$Inform inform
(attribute value)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$IllocutionaryForce. If a
communication act has this illocutionary force, the
intention of the sender of information (see #$senderOfInfo) is
to inform the intended recipient(s) of the propositional
content of the communication act. See also #$Inform-CommunicationAct.
guid: bd588d9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ConstativeIllocutionaryForce
#$Individual
#$Request request
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An illocutionary force associated with requests. If
a communication act has this illocutionary force it is the
speaker's intention to ask the listener to perform the
action(s) described in his/her utterance. If the listener
responds positively, s/he places him/herself under an
obligation to do the indicated action. `Speaker' and
`listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively,
any #$senderOfInfo and
#$recipientOfInfo.
guid: bd58d87c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DirectiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual
#$Command command
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A kind of illocutionary force associated with
commanding. When illocutionary act has this illocutionary
force, then the speaker intends to have the listener either
carry out the action described in the utterance and/or bring
about the situation described in the utterance. The speaker
in any given instance of #$Ordering-CommunicationAct
presupposes that s/he has the authority to command those
s/he adresses. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly
interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and
#$recipientOfInfo.
guid: bd58dac6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DirectiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual
#$Offer offer (attribute value)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An attribute which may be possessed by instances of
#$CommunicationAct-Single.
If a communication act has this attribute, then the one
communicating (the #$senderOfInfo) is
volunteering to perform the action described in that
utterance and/or bring about the situation described
therein, on the condition that the listener (the #$recipientOfInfo)
accept the offer. An offer may be made with additional
conditions as well. When an offer is accepted (and any
additional conditions are true), the speaker of the offer
incurs an obligation. See also #$Offering-CommunicationAct, #$obligatedAgent.
guid: bd588d5b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$CommissiveIllocutionaryForce
#$Individual
#$Promise promise
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An attribute associated with instances of #$CommunicationAct-Single.
If a communication act has this attribute, then the #$senderOfInfo
intends to carry out the action described in the act and is
obligated to do so.
guid: bd588d19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$CommissiveIllocutionaryForce
#$Individual
#$Query query (attribute value)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The illocutionary force associated with a querying
act. The speaker's ultimate goal may be either to learn the
information or to test the knowledge of the agent queried.
`Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean,
respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and
#$recipientOfInfo.
See also #$IllocutionaryForce, #$RequestingInformation.
guid: bd58a082-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DirectiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual
#$MentalInformation pieces
of mental information
A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing.
Each instance of #$MentalInformation
is the propositional content of a specific mental state (for
example, a memory or a sensory perception) of an individual person.
guid: bd58daca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PropositionalInformationThing
direct generalization of:
#$Memory #$SensoryInformation
#$Memory memories
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$MentalInformation.
Each instance of #$Memory is the
propositional content of a mental state in which a person
recalls past events. Most commonly those memories concern
first-person experiences, but they may include recollections
of anything that the person has learned in the past.
guid: bd58da47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$MentalInformation
#$SensoryInformation sensory information
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$MentalInformation.
Each instance of #$SensoryInformation
is the propositional content of a mental state in which an
animal or other sentient being perceives something.
guid: bd58da88-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$MentalInformation
#$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory visual
representation microtheory
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing.
Each instance of #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory
is a context containing the propositional content of a
particular visual representation, where visual
representations include, among other things, paintings,
photographs, digitized images, moving pictures, and statues.
guid: bd5f2401-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$MicrotheoryType
direct specialization of:
#$PropositionalInformationThing
#$ImageMicrotheory Cyc
image microtheories
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory.
Each element of #$ImageMicrotheory
is a context in which to state the propositional content of
a particular two-dimensional visual image. That includes
both still images and moving pictures. Images which are
approximately two-dimensional (such as friezes) may also be
described with an image microtheory.
guid: bd5904e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$MicrotheoryType
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PropositionalInformationThing
#$StillImageMicrotheory still
image microtheory
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection microtheories; a subset of #$ImageMicrotheory.
Each element of #$StillImageMicrotheory
is a context in which to state the propositional content of
a particular (two-dimensional) still image, such as a
photograph, painting, or drawing.
guid: c10067be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$MicrotheoryType
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PropositionalInformationThing
#$FieldOfStudy fields
of study
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing.
Each instance of #$FieldOfStudy is
a particular area of study, with its own distinctive set of
theories, hypotheses, and problems. Instances of #$FieldOfStudy are
typically the subject of teaching and/or research within
instances of #$AcademicDepartment
(q.v.), although one #$AcademicDepartment
may cover several instances of #$FieldOfStudy.
Instances of #$FieldOfStudy
include #$ArtHistory, #$Physics, and #$ArtificialIntelligence.
guid: bd58b737-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$AbstractInformationalThing
direct generalization of:
#$ScientificFieldOfStudy
#$LiberalArtsFieldOfStudy liberal arts
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$FieldOfStudy.
Each element of #$LiberalArtsFieldOfStudy
is one of those fields of study affiliated with the liberal
arts, which includes fields expected to be known to some
degree by all educated people, but excluding most
specialized knowledge taught in professional schools.
Examples: #$History-FieldOfStudy, #$ArtHistory,
#$PhilosophyModern, #$Mathematics.
guid: c1007c21-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$FieldOfStudy
#$AppliedDesignFieldOfStudy applied
design field of study
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of fields of study. Each element of #$AppliedDesignFieldOfStudy
is a specialized body of knowledge about the design of
useful objects or structures. Examples:
#$ArchitecturalDesign, commercial art studies, industrial design.
guid: c1007c29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$FieldOfStudy
#$ScientificFieldOfStudy scientific disciplines
A specialization of #$FieldOfStudy.
Each instance of #$ScientificFieldOfStudy
is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypotheses,
observations, and problems, which together constitute the
informational content of a systematic endeavor to explain
(some part of) the natural world by rational (and
frequently, quantifiable) methods, including, but not
limited to, induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by
repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof.
Instances of #$ScientificFieldOfStudy
include the traditional hard sciences (e.g., #$Physics,
#$Chemistry), the life sciences (e.g., #$Biology,
#$Genetics, #$Toxicology), and #$Mathematics.
guid: bd58b7fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$FieldOfStudy
#$InformationTransferEvent information transfers
A specialization of #$GeneralizedTransfer.
Each instance of #$InformationTransferEvent
is an event in which information is transferred from a
source (#$informationOrigin)
to one or more destinations (#$informationDestination),
where the source and the various destinations are either
intelligent agents or #$InformationBearingThings
(IBTs). Examples include reading a book (transfer of
information from the book to the reader), saying something
to someone (transfer of information from the speaker to the
listener), machine translation (transfer of information from
an encoded IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in
the target language), OCR scanning (transfer of information
from a visual information source to another IBT in a
different format), carving initials in a tree (transfer of
information from an agent to an IBT), and making a speech
(transfer of information from an agent to other agents). See
also the specialization #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent.
guid: bd589f07-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$GeneralizedTransfer
direct generalization of:
#$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent #$AccessingAnIBT
#$Communicating
#$InformationGathering #$IBTGeneration
#$MeetingTakingPlace
#$InformationRecordingProcess information-recording processes
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events in which information is
recorded, using an #$InformationRecordingDevice.
Every #$InformationRecordingProcess
produces an #$InformationBearingObject.
guid: bd58e14f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$IBOCreation
#$topicOfInfoTransfer topic
(role) (extensional representation predicate)
(binary predicate)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$topicOfInfoTransfer
is used to indicate what a particular communication is
about. (#$topicOfInfoTransfer
TRANS TOPIC) means that TOPIC is a primary topic of the
information communicated in the #$InformationTransferEvent
TRANS. For example, a result reported after an instance of
#$BloodTest will contain information about the
#$objectTested (viz., the blood sample); the patient's blood
is thus a #$topicOfInfoTransfer
of that report.
guid: bd5cee44-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of: #$topicOfIndividual
#$informationOrigin information origin
A specialization of #$informationTerminal (q.v.)
that is used to indicate the source of information for a
particular #$InformationTransferEvent
(q.v.). (#$informationOrigin
TRANSFER ORIGIN) means that the information being
transferred in TRANSFER comes from ORIGIN. ORIGIN is either
an instance of #$InformationBearingThing
or an agent. Note that if ORIGIN still exists after the
ending of TRANSFER, it presumably also still contains the
information that was transferred.
guid: bd5e4f03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$from-Generic
#$informationTerminal
#$informationDestination information destination
A specialization of both #$informationTerminal and
#$to-Generic that is used to indicate where information is
transferred in a given #$InformationTransferEvent.
(#$informationDestination
TRANSFER DESTINATION) means that in TRANSFER, the
information being transferred is sent to, given to, or
impressed upon DESTINATION. DESTINATION is typically either
an #$InformationBearingThing
(at least upon the completion of TRANSFER, if not before) or
an agent; but note that in the latter case one would
normally use the more specific predicate #$recipientOfInfo.
guid: bd58a9c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$to-Generic
#$informationTerminal
#$senderOfInfo information sender
The predicate #$senderOfInfo is
used to indicate the sending agent in a particular transfer
of information. (#$senderOfInfo
TRANSFER SENDER) means that SENDER is an agent who is the
source of information transferred in the #$InformationTransferEvent
TRANSFER. At the time of TRANSFER (and typically for some
period beforehand), SENDER conceives of the information
transferred in TRANSFER. It's not the case that SENDER
necessarily knows the `information' or has it among his/her
beliefs (see the predicates #$knows and #$beliefs), because
TRANSFER could involve lying (e.g., #$GeorgeWashington's
telling his father, `I didn't chop down the cherry tree').
Note that (#$senderOfInfo
TRANSFER SENDER) implies that SENDER performs TRANSFER
intentionally, in the sense that there is some other agent
(related to TRANSFER via #$communicationTarget)
that SENDER is attempting to transfer information to via
TRANSFER. Of course, SENDER may or may not be successful in
transferring that information to the other agent.
guid: bd588f2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AgentiveRole
direct specialization of:
#$informationOrigin
#$performedBy
#$recipientOfInfo perceiver
(actor slot) (role) (extensional representation predicate)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A binary predicate which relates instances of #$InformationTransferEvent
to instances of #$Agent. (#$recipientOfInfo
TRANSFER RECIP) means that the information transferred in
the #$InformationTransferEvent
TRANSFER is received by the #$Agent RECIP. After
TRANSFER, RECIP understands or conceives of the information
transferred in TRANSFER; Cyc does NOT conclude that s/he #$knows the
information or counts it among his/her #$beliefs, because
RECIP might not believe it. In receiving the information
transferred, RECIP may be acting intentionally or
unintentionally. Note that if the communication event used
in the first argument slot of this predicate is a #$CommunicationAct-Single
and the recipient of the information was intended to receive
the information by the originator of the communication event
(see #$communicationTarget)
then #$recipientOfInfo-Intended should probably be used
instead of #$recipientOfInfo.
See also #$infoTransferred,
and the slightly orthogonal #$intendedAudience (which
relates instances of #$InformationBearingThing
to instances of #$Agent).
guid: bd5a9863-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AgentiveRole
direct specialization of:
#$informationDestination
#$actors
#$infoTransferred info transferred
A #$BinaryRolePredicate that is used to specify
some or all of the meaningful content of a particular
transferral of information (see #$InformationTransferEvent).
(#$infoTransferred
TRANSFER INFO) means that INFO is information (see #$AbstractInformationalThing)
that is transferred due to TRANSFER. INFO originates (see #$informationOrigin)
from some agent or #$InformationBearingThing
(IBT) and, after TRANSFER, is had by another agent or is
contained in another IBT (see #$informationDestination);
INFO may persist in the origin as well. For example, when I
read the front page of the newspaper, some information about
current world events is transferred from the newspaper to me.
guid: bd652aec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of: #$constituentInSituation
#$Communicating communicating
A specialization of #$Action and #$InformationTransferEvent.
Each instance of #$Communicating
is an event in which the transfer of information between or
among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main
purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted
with events which involve communication but wherein the
focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the
progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are
focal). Since #$Communicating
is a specialization of #$PurposefulAction,
each #$Communicating
event must be intentional on the part of the #$senderOfInfo; it
may or may not be intentional on the part of the #$recipientOfInfo.
Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent
crowd is performing an instance of #$Communicating.
In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware
that Romeo is listening to her, is not #$Communicating;
this #$InformationTransferEvent
would be an instance of #$Eavesdropping. Communicating may
be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information
(cf. #$CommunicationAct-Single,
#$MultiDirectionalCommunication).
Every event belonging to #$Communicating
contains at least one transfer of information between at
least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that
the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from #$Communicating,
when those events are just the private accessing or
generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized
in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used
(e.g., #$AudioCommunicating,
#$NonVerbalCommunicating,
#$FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating); by the type of
information involved (e.g., #$MakingAnAgreement);
by the purpose of the communication (e.g., #$Teaching,
#$Negotiating); by the agents involved (e.g.,
#$IntraOrganizationCommunication, #$StageProduction).
Examples of #$Communicating
include a symphony performance, an email message, a
telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic
ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve
communication between two or more agents.
guid: bd589ec5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Action #$InformationTransferEvent
direct generalization of:
#$MultiDirectionalCommunication
#$NonVerbalCommunicating
#$VisualCommunicating
#$AudioCommunicating
#$Trial #$EMailSending #$CommunicationAct-Single
#$Teaching #$MakingAnAgreement
#$communicationTarget intended
recipient of communication
The predicate #$communicationTarget
is used to indicate an intended recipient in a communication
act. (#$communicationTarget
COMM AGENT) means that the agent who originates the #$CommunicationAct-Single
COMM intends the #$recipientOfInfo
to be AGENT. Note that AGENT may or may not receive the
information contained in COMM. To indicate both that AGENT
is an intended recipient of COMM, and that AGENT actually
receives the information contained in COMM, use the more
specialized predicate #$recipientOfInfo-Intended.
guid: bd5c2e85-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot
direct specialization of:
#$target
#$communicationToken communication token
A binary predicate which relates instances of #$Communicating
to instances of #$InformationBearingThing.
(#$communicationToken
COM IBT) means that IBT carries the information transferred
in COM and was used to convey that information in COM. IBT
may be a tangible object (e.g., a newspaper), a sound (e.g.,
a voice), an image (e.g., from a television broadcast), or
even a touch (e.g., a staying hand).
guid: bd58ef66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$languageOfCommunication language
of communication
The predicate #$languageOfCommunication
is used to indicate a language used by agents in a
particular communication event. (#$languageOfCommunication
COM LANG) means that in the #$Communicating
COM, at least some of the information transferred is
expressed in the language LANG. LANG may be a natural
language, a computer language, a musical system, or other
symbolic system such as #$AmericanSignLanguage.
guid: bd5893ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
#$IntangibleObjectPredicate
#$AudioCommunicating audio-communicating events
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$Communicating.
Each instance of #$AudioCommunicating
is a transmission of sound-borne information between two (or
more) agents. Specializations of #$AudioCommunicating
include #$SpokenCommunicating
and #$MusicalCommunicating.
guid: bd58c907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Communicating
direct generalization of:
#$SpokenCommunicating
#$SpokenCommunicating spoke
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$AudioCommunicating.
Each instance of #$SpokenCommunicating
is a transmission of sound-borne verbal information by
spoken words between two (or more) agents. The communication
may be one-way or two-way (or multi-way). Examples of #$SpokenCommunicating
include a telephone conversation, a classroom discussion,
and the #$GettysburgAddress-Speech.
guid: bd589537-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$AudioCommunicating #$HumanActivity
direct generalization of: #$Conversation
#$NonVerbalCommunicating nonverbal communicating
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of information transfer events; a
subcollection of #$Communicating.
Each instance of #$NonVerbalCommunicating
is a transmission of information by means of some bodily
movement other than speaking. Subcollections include
#$ShakingHands and #$Cuddling, since such actions by
definition are communications involving two actors. (Note
that #$MakingAGesture
(q.v.) is NOT a subcollection of #$NonVerbalCommunicating;
instances of #$MakingAGesture
are merely information-encodings. They may or may not be #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating events.)
guid: bd588f6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Communicating
#$VisualCommunicating visual communication
A specialization of #$Communicating.
Each instance of #$VisualCommunicating
is an action in which information is transmitted by visual
media. Every instance of #$VisualCommunicating
has at least one #$communicationToken
(q.v.) which is an instance of #$VisualInformationBearingThing.
Examples of #$VisualCommunicating
include: a performance by mime Marcel Marceau; Seiji Ozawa
conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra; a policeman
directing traffic; shaking a fist at someone in anger;
sending a message with flags, light pulses, or smoke signals.
guid: bd58a4fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Communicating
#$CommunicationAct-Single communication acts
A collection of information transfer events; a
specialization of #$Communicating.
Each instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single
is a single-source transmission of information from _one_
sender (see the predicate #$senderOfInfo) to
one or more recipients (see the predicate #$recipientOfInfo).
Every instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single
has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of #$IBTGeneration)
and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of
#$AccessingAnIBT).
An instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single
starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when
its accessing sub-event(s) end.
guid: bd589e83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Communicating
direct generalization of: #$Advertising
#$GreetingSomeone #$Inform-CommunicationAct
#$Offering-CommunicationAct
#$Requesting-CommunicationAct
#$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct
#$MultiDirectionalCommunication dialogues
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of complex information transfer
events. Each instance of #$MultiDirectionalCommunication
is an event in which more than one agent is involved as a #$senderOfInfo.
For example, a conversation or a debate, as opposed to a
speech or lecture. The predicate #$infoContributed
is used to correlate each sending agent with the information
s/he transmits in such an event. For communication acts
having only one sender, see #$CommunicationAct-Single.
guid: bd5891c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FirstOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$Communicating
direct generalization of: #$Negotiating
#$Conversation
#$infoContributed info contributed
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$infoContributed
is used to identify which agent said what in a particular
complex communication activity. (#$infoContributed
MULTICOM AGENT INFO) means that in the #$MultiDirectionalCommunication
event MULTICOM, AGENT does something that expresses INFO.
Note that speaking, writing, or otherwise signalling are all
viable methods of `saying'. The (unspecified) thing that
AGENT does in MULTICOM generates the message, and INFO is a
propositional item expressing the content of AGENT's
message. See also #$PropositionalInformationThing
and #$IBTGeneration.
guid: bd5a3453-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$AccessingAnIBT information-accessing events
A specialization of both #$InformationTransferEvent
and #$PurposefulAction.
Each instance of #$AccessingAnIBT
is an action by which an agent accesses the content of some
instance(s) of #$InformationBearingThing.
Examples include (getting information from) reading a
newspaper, watching a film, listening to a musical
performance, decoding an encrypted message, seeing a traffic
police officer wave one on, or hearing one's roommate ask
one to take out the trash.
guid: bd58d61f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$InformationTransferEvent #$PurposefulAction #$TransferIn
direct generalization of:
#$Reading #$EntertainmentPerformance
#$ListeningDeliberately
#$IBTGeneration generations
of an Information Bearing Thing
A specialization of #$InformationTransferEvent
and of #$Action.
Each instance of #$IBTGeneration
is an event which creates some #$InformationBearingThing.
The #$InformationBearingThing
created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g.
sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively
long-lasting instance of #$InformationBearingObject
(cf. the important specialization of IBTGeneration -- #$IBOCreation).
Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language,
gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for
instances of #$IBTGeneration
whether there is another agent who accesses the resulting
IBT. Note that every communication act starts with an
instance of #$IBTGeneration.
(Thus, see also #$Communicating
and its specializations, especially #$CommunicationAct-Single.)
For an analogous collection regarding instances of
#$ConceptualWork, see #$CWCreation. Two important
specializations of this collection are #$IBTGeneration-Original
and #$IBTGeneration-Replication.
See also the predicate #$ibtGenerated.
guid: bd70d156-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$CreationEvent #$InformationTransferEvent #$Action #$TransferOut
direct generalization of:
#$VisualInformationConveyingAct
#$IBTGeneration-Replication
#$IBTGeneration-Original
#$IBOCreation
#$ibtGenerated ibt generated
A binary predicate which relates instances of #$IBTGeneration
to instances of #$InformationBearingThing.
(#$ibtGenerated
GEN IBT) means that the #$InformationBearingThing
IBT (be it a gesture, a novel, a picture projected on a
screen or a computer program copy) comes into existence in,
or as an immediate consequence of, the event GEN. See also #$IBTGeneratedFn.
guid: beacbd12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$informationDestination
#$IBOCreation creations
of an information-bearing object
A specialization of both #$PhysicalCreationEvent
and #$IBTGeneration.
Each instance of #$IBOCreation is an
event in which an instance of #$InformationBearingObject
(hereafter IBO) is created. Examples of #$IBOCreation
include publishing a book, making a film, printing a
photograph, molding a plastic credit card, painting a
billboard, and minting a coin. When an IBO is created, its
content may be either original, be copied from a prior #$InformationBearingThing,
or be instantiated from an existing #$ConceptualWork. See
also the predicate #$iboCreated.
guid: bd621044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$HumanActivity #$IBTGeneration #$PhysicalCreationEvent
direct generalization of:
#$InformationRecordingProcess
#$MarkingOnASurface
#$iboCreated ibo created
A binary predicate which relates instances of #$IBOCreation to
instances of #$InformationBearingObject.
(#$iboCreated
CREATION IBO) means that the tangible information-bearing
object IBO is created in the event CREATION. For example, my
copy of today's morning newspaper was created during the
previous night's paper-publishing event. If the
information-bearing object generated by CREATION is not a
physical object (i.e. an instance of #$PartiallyTangible),
use the less specific predicate #$ibtGenerated.
guid: bd62daa1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot
direct specialization of:
#$ibtGenerated
#$outputsCreated
#$IBTGeneration-Original generations
of an original Information Bearing Thing
A specialization of #$IBTGeneration.
Each instance of #$IBTGeneration-Original
is an event in which some instance of #$InformationBearingThing
(hereafter IBT) is generated, where the content of the IBT
generated is not a copy of the content of any previously
created IBT.
guid: bd58f6af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$HumanActivity #$IBTGeneration #$CreatingAnArtifact
direct generalization of: #$ProgrammingAComputer
#$IBTGeneration-Replication events
in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$IBTGeneration.
Each instance of #$IBTGeneration-Replication
is an event in which a new instance of #$InformationBearingThing
(IBT) is created whose content is based on that of a
preexisting IBT (which is the #$informationOrigin
(q.v.) of the generation event). The new IBT contains at
least part of the information content of the original IBT.
It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information.
guid: bd5ea94c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$IBTGeneration
direct generalization of:
#$IBTCopying #$IBTRecoding
#$IBTRecoding events
in which an Information Bearing Thing is recoded
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$IBTGeneration-Replication.
Each instance of #$IBTRecoding is an
event which generates a new information-bearing thing (i.e.,
an instance of #$InformationBearingThing)
by taking information from a source information-bearing
thing (see #$informationOrigin),
encoding it a new way, and incorporating it into a new
information-bearing thing (see #$ibtGenerated).
Instances of #$IBTRecoding may
be done either by agents (e.g., people) or by non-agents
(e.g., record players, or computers running translation
software). Recoding the content of a pre-existing
information-bearing thing presupposes some instance of
accessing it (i.e., of #$AccessingAnIBT).
guid: bd5f36bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$IBTGeneration-Replication
direct generalization of: #$Decoding #$Encoding
#$IBTCopying events
in which an Information Bearing Thing is copied
A specialization of #$IBTGeneration-Replication.
Each instance of #$IBTCopying is an
event which generates some new instance or instances of #$InformationBearingThing
by copying the information and format from a source #$InformationBearingThing
(see #$informationOrigin).
The new instance(s) of #$InformationBearingThing
encode(s) approximately the same information in
approximately the same way as the source #$InformationBearingThing.
A positive example of #$IBTCopying would
be a person producing a hand-written copy of a newspaper
story, where the copy is in the same language as the story,
and the format of the story (e.g., the ordering of the
paragraphs) is not changed. Negative examples of #$IBTCopying would
be a person producing a translation of the newspaper story,
or a person producing a document in which the paragraphs of
the story are extensively rearranged. Specializations of #$IBTCopying include
#$CopyingAComputerFile and #$PhotocopyingADocument. See also
the predicates #$copyProduced and #$itemCopied.
guid: bd6606e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$IBTGeneration-Replication
direct generalization of: #$CopyingAComputerFile
#$InformationUpdating updating information
A specialization of
#$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent. Each instance of #$InformationUpdating
is an event in which the information content of an
information bearing object (see the collection #$InformationBearingObject)
is altered, either by removing or by adding information.
Important specializations of #$InformationUpdating
are #$InformationRemoving
and #$InformationAdding.
guid: bd616cc0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent
direct generalization of:
#$InformationRemoving
#$InformationAdding
#$InformationAdding adding information
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$InformationUpdating.
Each instance of #$InformationAdding
is an event in which information is added to the information
content of an instance of #$InformationBearingObject
(q.v.). After the action, the instance of #$InformationBearingObject
(which is related to the action by
#$informationDestination)`has' the new information. The
resulting information content of that instance of #$InformationBearingObject
includes both its content immediately prior to the addition,
plus the newly added information. Examples of #$InformationAdding
include recording a check in the check register of one's
checkbook; taking the next photograph on a roll of film;
adding new information to a database.
guid: bd5e23fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$InformationUpdating
#$InformationRemoving removing information
A specialization of #$InformationUpdating.
Each instance of #$InformationRemoving
is an event in which information is removed from some
information-bearing object (see the collection #$InformationBearingObject),
so that after the event the remaining information content of
the information-bearing object is only a proper part of what
it started out to be. Notable specializations of #$InformationRemoving
include #$DeletingAFile and #$EliminatingAComputerVirus.
guid: bd642fa3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$InformationUpdating
#$infoAdded info added
(#$infoAdded UPDATE
INFO) means that the #$AbstractInformationalThing
INFO is added to an instance of #$InformationBearingObject
(q.v.) in the #$InformationUpdating UPDATE.
guid: bd5b03bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of:
#$infoTransferred
#$infoRemoved information removed
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$infoRemoved
CHANGE INFO) means that in the #$InformationUpdating
action, CHANGE, INFO was removed from the IBO (#$InformationBearingObject)
acted on.
guid: bd62ead9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of:
#$infoTransferred
#$Reading reading
(perception) (carrying information) (transferring)
A specialization of #$Perceiving-Voluntary
and #$AccessingAnIBT.
Each instance of #$Reading is an act of
reading an instance of #$TextualMaterial.
Acts of #$Reading
may be performed for any of a number of purposes: e.g., in
order to extract some sort of information from a text, for
entertainment, to impart the content of the text to others
(if an instance of #$ReadingAloud (q.v.)), or to test
reading skills. A person can read visually (see
#$Reading-Visual) or by touch (e.g. reading Braille; see #$Reading-Tactile).
guid: bd58d532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$HumanCapabilityType #$TemporalStuffType
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$Perceiving-Voluntary #$AccessingAnIBT #$LearnedActivity
#$ListeningDeliberately listening
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of events in which an #$Agent deliberately
facilitates and does #$Hearing.
guid: bd58c048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Perceiving-Voluntary #$AccessingAnIBT #$Hearing
#$WatchingSomething watching events
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events involving the deliberate
direction of #$VisualPerception
on the part of an #$Agent.
guid: c0ed09e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$Observing #$Perceiving-Voluntary #$VisualPerception
#$Learning learning events
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all events, brief or extended, in
which an agent is acquiring information or know-how.
guid: bd58ef72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MammalCapabilityType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent #$ImprovementEvent
#$Writing writings
(creation events) (information transfers) (creation
or destruction events)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$HumanActivity
and #$VisualInformationConveyingAct.
Each instance of #$Writing is an action
in which some text is produced, either via writing by hand
or writing with a machine, such as a typewriter or a
computer. An instance of #$Writing could be a
single episode of writing, or a discontinuous series of
episodes (as when one writes a letter over a few days). #$Writing is not a
specialization of #$Communicating,
because in some instances of #$Writing there is not
a successful transfer of information to another agent.
guid: bd58cbbe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$SkilledActivity #$VisualInformationConveyingAct
direct generalization of:
#$WritingByHand
#$VisualInformationConveyingAct transmission
of visual information
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$Actions that express
(transmit) visual information.
guid: bd58f666-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$IBTGeneration
direct generalization of:
#$MakingAGesture
#$Writing
#$MakingAGesture gestured
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of acts of #$IBOCreation done
by an #$Animal
(including #$Person) arranging
its limbs or other body parts (and whatever objects the
limbs might be holding) in some meaningful configuration
(static or dynamic). Vocal #$IBTGenerations
are not considered to be gestures (see #$MakingAnOralSound
for this), but they might be done in conjunction with
gestures. NB: #$MakingAGesture
is NOT a subcollection of #$NonVerbalCommunicating;
at most, an instance of #$MakingAGesture
is only half of a communication event. And someone can make
a gesture while alone, without using it for communication.
Thus, only some gestures are #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating.
(But note that #$MakingAGesture
IS a subcollection of #$IBTGeneration-Original
(q.v.), since every gesture encodes information, whether or
not it is used for communication in a particular instance.)
guid: bd58f623-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$VisualInformationConveyingAct #$VoluntaryBodyMovement
#$MakingFacialExpression making
a facial expression
A specialization of #$BodyMovementEvent.
Each instance of #$MakingFacialExpression
is an event during which the configuration of a particular
animal's face changes. Such a change is usually (but not
always) associated with the expression of some emotion by
the animal in question.
guid: bd58c58d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
#$ControllableAutonomousActionType
direct specialization of:
#$BodyMovementEvent
#$Speaking speaking
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$Talking, which includes
non-verbal talking such as the use of sign-language. The
collection of actions generating utterances (c.f.
#$Utterance-IBT) which are speech. Hence, #$Speaking normally
includes only those utterances using some #$Language as a
communication convention, unlike other utterances such as
#$Booing and #$Cheering.
guid: bd58bf82-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$HumanCapabilityType #$TemporalStuffType
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$MakingAnOralSound #$Talking
#$Encrypting encrypting events
A specialization of #$Encoding. In each instance of
#$Encrypting,
a transformation is applied to the information in some
instance of #$InformationBearingThing,
with the intention of making that information inaccessible
to all but the intended audience for that #$InformationBearingThing
(the intended audience, in almost all cases, will have a
decryption method which will allow it to transform the
information back into an accessible form).
guid: bd60996f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Encoding
#$Decrypting decryption processes
A specialization of #$Decoding. In each instance of
#$Decrypting,
a transformation is applied to the information in an
encrypted information-bearing object (see the collections #$Encrypting and #$InformationBearingObject)
so that the information is rendered into a readily
accessible form.
guid: bd659b49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Decoding
#$Inform-CommunicationAct acts
of conveying information
A specialization of both #$PurposefulAction
and #$CommunicationAct-Single.
Each instance of #$Inform-CommunicationAct
is a communication act in which an agent intentionally
conveys some piece of information.
guid: bd589e02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$InformationBearingThing #$CommunicationAct-Single #$PurposefulAction
direct generalization of:
#$Disapproval-CommunicationAct
#$Requesting-CommunicationAct petitions
A specialization of #$CommunicationAct-Single.
Each instance of #$Requesting-CommunicationAct
is a communication act in which one agent requests something
of one or more other agents. Requests are typically followed
by responses.
guid: bd58eaca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PurposefulAction #$CommunicationAct-Single
direct generalization of:
#$RequestingInformation
#$Ordering-CommunicationAct
#$RequestingInformation inquiries
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$Requesting-CommunicationAct.
In each instance of #$RequestingInformation,
an agent asks a question or requests some information. See
also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action,
#$Query.
guid: bd58adc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Requesting-CommunicationAct
#$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct acknowledgments
A specialization of #$CommunicationAct-Single.
Each instance of this collection is an action that conveys
information to the effect that the performing agent has
received some prior #$CommunicationAct-Single
(which was performed by another agent). An example is Joan
saying, `I hear you' in response to Bette's exclaiming,
`What a dump!'
guid: bd590c41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$CommunicationAct-Single
#$Offering-CommunicationAct offers
(communication acts) (information transfers)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$CommunicationAct-Single.
Each instance of #$Offering-CommunicationAct
is a communication act in which somebody offers to do
something, furnish something, or make something the case.
See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with these
actions, #$Offer.
guid: bd58eb0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$CommunicationAct-Single
#$Ordering-CommunicationAct orders
(communication acts) (information transfers)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of actions, many of which are speech
acts. In each instance of this collection, somebody orders
somebody to do something. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce
associated with this action, #$Command.
guid: bd58a938-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$HumanActivity #$Requesting-CommunicationAct
#$acknowledgementOf acknowledgement of
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$acknowledgementOf
ACT PIT) means that ACT is an acknowledging act to signify
receipt of the abstract information PIT that is being
acknowledged and to indicate a response. The ACT may be an
#$Accepting-CommunicationAct or a
#$Rejecting-CommunicationAct, or several others. Some may be
combinations, e.g. David may accept part of #$Wanda's order
(say the part about cleaning the kitchen) but not the other
part (say cleaning the bathroom). See also #$acknowledgedAct
which relates the two acts directly.
guid: bd5905b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
#$acknowledgedAct acknowledged act
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$acknowledgedAct
ACKACT COMACT) means that the #$CommunicationAct-Single
COMACT is acknowledged and replied-to by the responsive #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct
ACKACT. Particular acceptances or rejections of a particular
project proposal would involve examples of this predicate,
as would a person responding to a wedding invitation, or a
court responding to a motion. See also #$acknowledgementOf
which refers to the abstract content of the communication.
guid: bd58dd20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$EmittingSound sound emissions
A specialization of #$EmittingAWave.
Each instance of #$EmittingSound
is an event in which some instance of #$Sound is emitted from
some wave source (see the predicate #$waveSource). Examples
of #$EmittingSound
include an explosion generating a sound wave, a plucked
violin string resonating, a baby crying, and a person saying `Hello'.
guid: bd589e37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$EmittingAWave
direct generalization of:
#$MakingAnOralSound
#$MakingAnOralSound vocalizing
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of actions in which the lips and
other mouth parts are used to make sound. #$MakingAnOralSound
means the event in which sound is produced more-or-less
voluntarily, using the mouth, mouth portal, lips, and
tongue.--Kean, July 11, 1997
guid: bd589df6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$BodyMovementEvent #$EmittingSound
direct generalization of:
#$Speaking
#$Singing sang
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of acts of producing #$Music sounds with the
human vocal cords.
guid: bd58d4ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$MakingAnOralSound
#$containsInformation contains information
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A binary predicate that relates instances of
#$InformationStore to instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing.
(#$containsInformation
IS INFO) means that INFO is part of the information content
of the #$InformationBearingThing,
IS. See also #$containsPropositionalInfo-Complete. For
assertions that a given IBT contains information about a
given #$Thing,
see #$containsInformationAbout
and its specializations.
guid: bd58c240-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$NonPhysicalPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$intangibleParts
#$containsInformationAbout concerned
An #$ObjectPredicate and specialization of
#$topicOfIndividual that relates a given #$InformationStore
(q.v.) to the thing(s) it contains information about. (#$containsInformationAbout
INFOSTORE THING) means INFOSTORE is at least in part about
THING. THING might be any sort of thing at all. For
instance, THING may be an individual, as in (#$containsInformationAbout
#$TheTorontoStar-TheNewspaper #$CityOfTorontoOntario); or
THING might be a collection, as in (#$containsInformationAbout
#$PokemonWorld-WWWSite #$PokemonCharacter). This is a very
general notion of aboutness, which does not require that
THING be explicitly referred to in INFOSTORE, or that it be
the main topic of INFOSTORE. (For cases where THING is the
main topic, use the more specific
#$containsInformationAbout-Focally.) On the other hand, note
that an information store's containing information about a
given collection or set is generally _not_ a sufficient
condition for its containing information about any
particular elements of that collection or set. See also #$containsInformation,
which relates #$InformationBearingThings
to the information (in the form of #$AbstractInformationalThings)
they contain.
guid: bd58a9fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$topicOfIndividual
#$propositionalInfoAbout propositional
info about
(#$propositionalInfoAbout
AIT THING) means that the #$AbstractInformationalThing
AIT is or contains propositional information about THING.
For instance, AIT might be a #$Microtheory
with assertions concerning THING or a #$TextualPCW
containing information about THING. This relation
constitutes a kind of intentionality in the philosophers'
sense (see e.g. #$IntentionalMentalSituation), though some
would argue that it is only an indirect or derived sort of
intentionality in that it always presupposes an underlying
intention on the part of some agent(s). Although the notion
of a written text or other sort of conceptual work being
(propositionally) about something is a completely familiar
one -- it is regularly appealed to in everyday discourse as
well as in academic studies pertaining to meaning or
interpretation -- giving a precise analysis of the notion
(in the form of necessary and sufficient conditions, e.g.)
is a notoriously difficult task, shot-through with
controversy. Still, a couple of non-contentious points can
be made in this direction. First, it is clear that the
information in question must be sufficiently specific to the
thing it is about . That is, in order for AIT to contain
propositional information about THING it is _not_ sufficient
that AIT merely involve general information about the
elements of some collection (or set or class) to which THING
belongs, but must involve some way of singling-out THING,
e.g. by mentioning THING by name or containing a description
that uniquely applies to THING. For example, the sentence
`Dogs are carnivores' is too general to be about Lassie
(though it _is_ arguably about the collections #$Dog and #$Carnivore);
`Television's best-loved canine was a collie', on the other
hand, is certainly about her. Second, since the information
must be _propositional_ (see e.g. #$Proposition), it is also
_not_ sufficient that AIT merely contain a term or symbol
that specifies or denotes or represents THING; AIT must say
something about THING. Thus, a mere unannotated list of the
names of famous show-biz animals would _not_ be
propositionally about Lassie, even though her name would
undoubtedly appear on it. Finally, note that #$propositionalInfoAbout
does _not_ insist that THING is what AIT is _mainly_ or
_focally_ about; thus the selfsame AIT might easily be about
several (even many) different things at the same time.
guid: bd590a60-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
#$ist-Information ist
- information
An instance of #$MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate
(q.v.) and a specialization of #$ist (q.v.). (#$ist-Information
PIT SENT) means that the #$Proposition (q.v.) expressed by
SENT is part of the explicitly-stated (as opposed to the
merely inferred) informational content of the #$PropositionalInformationThing
PIT. This does _not_ entail that SENT itself is asserted
either in PIT (cf. #$ist-Asserted) or in some more general
microtheory PIT-GENL whose content PIT inherits (via the
inverse of #$genlMt); but it
does entail that either (i) a sentence SENT-PRIME that has
the same informational content (i.e. expresses the same
proposition) as SENT is asserted in PIT or in some PIT-GENL
or (ii) SENT is a conjunction each conjunct CONJi of which
is such that there is some sentence with the same
informational content as CONJi asserted either in PIT or in
some PIT-GENL.
guid: bd58d1ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate
#$MicrotheoryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
#$informStatement inform statement
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A #$MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate and a
specialization of #$ist (q.v.) that
relates a given information context, or PIT (see #$PropositionalInformationThing),
to any sentence that is true in that context. (#$informStatement
PIT SENT) means that SENT is true in PIT: SENT is asserted
either in PIT itself or in some more general microtheory MT
such that (#$genlMt PIT MT) holds.
guid: bd5c2cd8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate
#$MicrotheoryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$ist #$ist-Information
#$visuallyDepicts visually depicts
A binary predicate that relates instances of #$VisualInformationBearingThing
to instances of #$SpatialThing.
(#$visuallyDepicts
IBT OBJ) means the object OBJ is depicted by the visual
information source IBT. For example, Mount Everest is
visually depicted by a photograph of it, and (#$visuallyDepicts
#$PietaStatue-Michelangelo #$JesusOfNazareth) is true.
guid: c1006396-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$containsInformationAbout
#$mtImageDepicts mt
image depicts
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$mtImageDepicts
is used to determine things represented in images, on the
basis of the information content of the image. For this
purpose, the content of an image is represented as an
abstract, propositional thing--an element of #$ImageMicrotheory
(which is a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing
(q.v.)). (#$mtImageDepicts
IMT OBJ) means that the image(s) which have the information
content IMT depict the object OBJ. Those images may be still
or moving images. IMT is an element of #$ImageMicrotheory.
OBJ is an element of #$SpatialThing,
which includes both tangible objects and physical events.
One usage of #$mtImageDepicts
is for the description and representation of particular
images; e.g., an image with the content `Roy Rogers is
riding Trigger' depicts Roy Rogers and depicts Trigger.
Another usage of #$mtImageDepicts
is in inference rules about the content of images. For
example, using a series of common sense inferences, we
conclude that an image with the content `a cowboy [is] on
his horse' probably also depicts some instance of #$OutdoorLocation.
guid: c10054e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$propositionalInfoAbout
#$symbolizes symbolizes
(#$symbolizes SYMBOL
OBJ) means that the #$SymbolicObject
SYMBOL represents the #$Thing OBJ to
some interpreting agent. For example, (#$symbolizes
(#$AnthemFn #$Canada) #$Canada) holds, since the Canadian
national anthem represents Canada to many interpreters (for
example, most Canadian citizens). Note that a given instance
of #$SymbolicObject
may represent different things to agents in different
cultures, so that assertions involving #$symbolizes can be
highly context-dependent.
guid: bd58cfa9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$topicOfIndividual
#$signifies
#$connotes connoted
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$connotes OBJ-1
OBJ-2 DEGREE) means that as a consequence of perceiving or
thinking about one thing (OBJ-1), a typical sane intelligent
perceiving agent would likely think of another thing (OBJ-2)
with a strength of association indicated by DEGREE. E.g., (#$connotes
#$GermanNaziParty #$Prejudice #$High). This predicate is
sometimes symmetric, but often not. See also #$typeConnotes.
guid: bd5db15f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$PITOfIBTFn p i t
of i b t fn
An instance of both #$IndividualDenotingFunction
and #$ReifiableFunction.
Given as its argument a particular instance of #$InformationBearingThing
(q.v.), #$PITOfIBTFn returns
the information content of that thing. The object returned
is an instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing
(q.v.). Thus, (#$PITOfIBTFn IBT)
is the abstract, propositional chunk of information that is
represented in IBT. For example: if IBT is MyCopyOfPsalm23
(a particular printed copy of Psalm 23), then (#$PITOfIBTFn
MyCopyOfPsalm23) is the propositional content of Psalm 23.
guid: bd6852b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$toneOfInformationThing tone
of information thing
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$toneOfInformationThing
is used to characterize the evaluation made or implied by a
particular assertion about something. (#$toneOfInformationThing
PROP THING TONE) means that the proposition expressed in the
#$ELSentence-Assertible
PROP explicitly or implicitly makes an evaluation of THING
that has the #$EvaluationToneAttribute
TONE. Some possible values of TONE are: #$PositiveTone, #$NegativeTone, #$NeutralTone. For
example, a Cyc formula stating that #$Socrates feels
#$Courage in the face of his execution can be said to be
positive in tone about #$Socrates. (Such a formula would
utilize #$feelsTowardsEvent.)
guid: bd58b2b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$EvaluationToneAttribute evaluation
tone attribute
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of attribute values. Each element of
#$EvaluationToneAttribute
is an attribute used to specify the general tone of some
assertion, group of assertions, or presentation about some
topic. Examples of #$EvaluationToneAttribute:
#$PositiveTone, #$NegativeTone, #$NeutralTone.
guid: bd58e1a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LinearOrderAttributeType
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$ScalarInterval
#$NegativeTone negative tone
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An element of #$EvaluationToneAttribute.
The attribute #$NegativeTone
represents the attitude implied by judgments which are
critical, derisive, disparaging, or insulting about their subjects.
guid: bd58e50c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval
#$Individual
#$NeutralTone neutral tone
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An element of #$EvaluationToneAttribute.
The attribute #$NeutralTone
represents the attitude implied by judgments which neither
seriously disparage nor seriously praise their subjects.
guid: bd58d65d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval
#$Individual
#$PositiveTone praise
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An element of #$EvaluationToneAttribute.
The attribute #$PositiveTone
represents the attitude implied by judgments which praise,
commend, celebrate, or applaud their subjects.
guid: bd58b2f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval
#$Individual
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