The eight node plane stress element is a general purpose plane stress element. It is actually a special case of shell element: the structure is assumed to have a symmetry plane parallel to the x-y plane and the loading only acts in-plane. In general, the z-coordinates are zero. Just like in the case of the shell element, the plane stress element is expanded into a C3D20 or C3D20R element. Figures 38 and 39 apply. From the above premises the following conclusions can be drawn:
The use of plane stress elements can also lead to knots, namely, if the thickness varies in a discontinuous way, or if plane stress elements are combined with other 1D or 2D elements such as axisymmetric elements. The connection with the plane stress elements, however, is modeled as a hinge.
Distributed loading in plane stress elements is different from shell distributed loading: for the plane stress element it is in-plane, for the shell element it is out-of-plane. Distributed loading in plane stress elements is defined on the *DLOAD card with the labels P1 up to P4. The number indicates the face as defined in Figure 41.
If a plane stress element is connected to a structure consisting of 3D elements the motion of this structure in the out-of-plane direction (z-direction) is not restricted by its connection to the 2D elements. The user has to take care that any rigid body motion of the structure involving the z-direction is taken care of, if appropriate. This particularly applies to any springs connected to plane stress elements, look at test example spring4 for an illustration.